An Interactive Annotated World Bibliography of Printed and Digital Works in the History of Medicine and the Life Sciences from Circa 2000 BCE to 2022 by Fielding H. Garrison (1870-1935), Leslie T. Morton (1907-2004), and Jeremy M. Norman (1945- ) Traditionally Known as “Garrison-Morton”

15961 entries, 13944 authors and 1935 subjects. Updated: March 22, 2024

TINBERGEN, Nikolaas

2 entries
  • 7348

The study of instinct.

Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1951.

Foundation of ethology, the scientific study of animal behavior. "It was based on a series of six lectures at Columbia University in 1947 and presented a general model of animal behavior. Basically, it was about methodology, about behavior as an outcome of conflicting 'drives,' about the hierarchical organization of behavior as a hierarchy of nervous centers, and about communication between animals" (Larry W. Swanson). 



Subjects: BIOLOGY, NEUROLOGY
  • 14069

On the aims and methods of ethology.

Zeit. f. Tierpsychologie, 4, 410-433, 1963.

In this paper Tinbergen (Nobel Prize 1973) defined Tinbergen's Four Questions, or complementary categories of explanations for animal behavior. that form the basis of ethology: Causation, Ontogeny, Survival Value, and Evolution. 

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)



Subjects: ANTHROPOLOGY › Ethnology