Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Hill and Hartree made valuable contributions to the knowledge of the thermodynamics of muscle. See also Physiol. Rev., 1922, 2, 310-41, and Hill, A. V., Trails and trials in physiology: a bibliography 1909-1964, 1965.

In 1922 Hill shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Meyerhof "for his discovery relating to the production of heat in muscle." 

Reprint, with modifications and additions, of seven papers published in the journal Brain between 1905 and 1918. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Ribonudease.

Creutzfeld-Jakob disease, spatic pseudoschlerosis, independently discovered by Jakob. (see No. 4722). English translation in No. 5019.14, pp. 97-112.
Creutzfeld described a single case and later reported that "his case did not bear any resemblance to the cases reported by Jakob," suggesting that Creutzfeldt probably did not describe the symptomatology associated with Creutzfeld-Jakob disease.

“Vogt syndrome”, disease of the corpora striata.

Foix and his colleagues showed that the specific lesion in Parkinson’s disease is in the substantia nigra of the mid-brain.

Vol. 1: Pathology and preventive medicine. Vol. 2: Bacteriology. Vol. 3: Medical education, history, miscellaneous subjects, and Welch's bibliography. Introduction by Simon Flexner. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Translated into English William J. Dakin as The Mechanism and Physiology of Sex Determination (London: Methuen & Co., 1923). Digital facsimile of the 1920 edition from Google Books at this link. Digital facsimile of the English translation from the Internet Archive at this link.

Ariëns Kappers was Professor of Neuroanatomy at Amsterdam. See also No. 14229.

The Hathi Trust maintains versions of all 107 parts, most of which are searchable to a limited extent, at this link.

Lewin was a prolific writer, producing more than 200 books and papers. The above is perhaps his best work, and contains a history of poisonings from the most ancient times to the present century, enhanced by innumerable citations from ancient and modern literature.

Broders’s classification of tumors, an index of malignancy.

Proof that cancer can be caused by a parasite, Cysticercus fasciolaris, the larval stage of Taenia crassicolis. With M. R. Curtis and G. L. Rohdenberg. See also Proc. N.Y. path. Soc., 1920, 20, 149-75.

Warthin and Starry’s method.

Treatment of tetany with ultraviolet light.

First description of the typical changes in the electrocardiogram in coronary thrombosis.

Saxl injected a mercurial compound (Novasurol), a powerful diuretic, for the treatment of cardiac failure.

Mann developed the monocardiogram while a fourth-year medical student. This was the first vector loop and the beginning of modern vectorcardiography.

Lysogeny

Abridged English translation, Baltimore, 1937.

Cervical sympathectomy for the treatment of angina pectoris was first carried out by Jonnesco in 1916.

Includes a history and bibliography.

First preperitoneal approach to hernia repair.

Goldberger was born in Central Europe in poor circumstances. He migrated to America, and following attendance at a lecture by Austin Flint, decided to study medicine. He entered the U. S. Public Health Service in 1899. He was a pioneer in the study and treatment of pellagra, demonstrating its experimental production and its prevention by proper diet.

Steinach rejuvenation operation, ligation of the vas deferens, later discredited.

Urea concentration test.

Barron confirmed the experimental work of Sobolew. It was whilst reading the above paper that Banting first formulated the hypothesis upon which he based his successful experiments.

Caulk’s cautery punch.

Introduction of cisternal puncture.

Bianchi showed that bilateral destruction of the frontal lobes caused character changes, a finding put to practical use by Egas Moniz and others. English translation, Edinburgh, 1922.

Idiopathic glossopharyngeal neuralgia described and treated.

“Köhler’s second disease” – juvenile deforming metatarsophalangeal Osteochondritis. English translation in Amer. J. Roentgenol., 1923, 10,705-10. Also known as “Freiberg’s infraction” or “Freiberg–Köhler disease”.

Vesiculography first demonstrated.

Introduction of “Bayer 205” (germanin, suramin, naphuride).

Splanchnic anesthesia. See also Dtsch. med. Wschr., 1920, 46, 535.

Classic account, with first use of the term “infectious mononucleosis”.

Reports on Public Health and Medical Subjects, No. 4. The most widespread and serious pandemic of influenza occurred in 1918-19. It spread throughout Europe, Russia, Canada, S. America, New Zealand, Australia, Africa, India, China, and Japan. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,

"The 1918 influenza pandemic was the most severe pandemic in recent history. It was caused by an H1N1 virus with genes of avian origin. Although there is not universal consensus regarding where the virus originated, it spread worldwide during 1918-1919.  In the United States, it was first identified in military personnel in spring 1918. It is estimated that about 500 million people or one-third of the world’s population became infected with this virus. The number of deaths was estimated to be at least 50 million worldwide with about 675,000 occurring in the United States" (https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/1918-pandemic-h1n1.html, accessed 3-2020).

Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at this link.

Gillies introduced a tubed pedical flap in 1917.

First description of herpangina, an acute infection associated with Coxsackie viruses.

Tubal insufflation method for the diagnosis and treatment of sterility due to occlusion of the Fallopian tubes.

Reprinted from Proc. Brit. Acad., 1919-20, 9, 341-74.

The first study of the unusual and dramatic physiology of the annual growth and shedding of the antlers of deer. "The amount of bony matter annually secreted to form antlers of the larger deer is enormous, antlers of the Red Deer having been obtained which weigh upwards of 74 lbs. while those of the extinct Irish deer must have probably scaled 100 lbs during life. 'In weight the Elk will scale from 900 to 1400 pounds and the antler may weigh as much as 60 pounds. The largest span of an Elk antler on record is in possession of the Duke of Westminister. It measures six feet one and one quarter inch' " (p. xv). Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Together with Louisa Garrett Anderson (1873-1943), to whom the book was dedicated, Murray co-founded the Women's Hospital for Children in 1912. The hospital provided health care for working-class children of the area, and also provided women doctors their only opportunity to gain clinical experience in pediatrics in London; the hospital's motto was Deeds not Words. In WWI Murray and Anderson served in France with the Women's Hospital Corps (WHC), establishing military hospitals for the French Army in Paris and Wimereux. Their proposals were at first rejected by the British authorities, but eventually the WHC became established at the Endell Street Military Hospital, Holborn, London staffed entirely by women, from chief surgeon to orderlies. Digital facsimile from The Medical Heritage Library, Internet Archive at this link.

"the first monthly journal in English to be devoted to the history of medicine. Robinson opened the pages of Medical Life to eminent historians and beginners. A number of outstanding European medical historians contributed papers and served on its editorial board. Among them were Max Neuburger, Karl Sudhoff, Henry E. Sigerist, Arturo Castiglioni, John D. Comrie, and Wilhelm Haberling….Victor Robinson was a member of the generation that created medical history in this country as we know it today. He banged the drums for medical history, he blew its horn, he was a propagandist for medical history. He aroused interest in the subject and made it possible for interested individuals to participate in the medical history movement. He accomplished this chiefly through the channels of communication which he created, chiefly Medical Life.” (George Rosen, Victor Robinson: A romantic medical historian. [Philadelphia 1958]).

Prepared for William Osler's seventieth birthday but not completed in time. Selections were approved by Osler, and the anthology was in publication when Osler died. Osler looked forward to the volume. Less than a month before he died, Osler wrote to Garrison, "Nothing yet from Milford - I suppose the manuscript is in process of purification! There are still many things in it I wish to see. The Press will follow your wishes as to format. I am sure the entire Volume will be most attractive. I think I have sent a letter since my illness - Still in bed" (Cushing, Life of Sir William Osler, 2, 677.)

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Although the title page does not indicate it, this work was written by various physicians, including Kelly and Burrage, who also served as editors. It begins with a comprehensive bibliography of biographical literature on which the authors based many of the biographies. Digital facsimile of the 1920 edition from Google Books at this link.

Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at this link.

Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at this link.

From Causes of Death, p. 27:

"Influenza and pneumonia (All forms).

"In 1918 the registration area (exclusive of Hawaii) 477,467 deaths wee assigned to influenza and pneumonia (all forms). In the latter part of that year a pandemic on influenza swept over the country and did not fully spend its force until well into 1919....

"The 477,467 deaths from influenza and penumonia (all forms) in 1918 correspond to a rate of 583.2 per 100,000 population as against 125,795 in 1917 and a rate of 167, which till 1918, was the highest rare from these causes for any year since 1910. Fully 79.8 per cent of the mortality from these causes in 1918 occurred in the last four months of the year...."

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

"This publication contains an account written by Col.William H. Wilmer, Medical Corps, who was in charge of the Air Service Medical Research Laboratories in Issoudon, France, from September, 1918, until the armistice. The account describes the various phases of the physiological and psychological problems of aviation, the organization of the work in the A[merican[ E[xpeditionary] F[orce], and the application of the newly discovered principles to the maintenance of the efficiency of the flier. It also suggests the future possibilities that lie in aviation medicine. In addition, it records the tasks accomplished by the various departments of the medical research laboratories, the character of the work with the British, conferences with various types of fliers, and it analyzes accidents and their causes" (Foreward).
Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

DeLee's advocacy of prophylactic forceps delivery made forceps deliveries more common. It remains probably his most controversial contribution to obstetrics.

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

"Fatigue was the most universal complaint of pilots. Major Birley attributed its occurrence to the bombardment of the senses by the constant stream of stimuli in the air, many of which were of a peculiar character.⁷⁵ Flyers were observed to stagger from aircraft to make their meticulous reports, which were often a source of conflict as no-one could agree upon what had occurred. Overwhelming tiredness led to frayed tempers and depressed spirits, and the idea uppermost in minds was to lie down and sleep. The repetition of this work over any length of time led to the deterioration of mental and physical wellbeing, inefficiency in the air, and ultimately the shortening of the active service period.⁷⁶ " (Lynsey Shaw Cobden, "The nervous flyer: Nerves, Flying and the First World War," Br. J. Mil. Hist., 4 (2018) 121-142. 

https://osler-letters.library.mcgill.ca/about

"About the William Osler Letter Collection

"Sir William Osler (1849-1919) is one of the most renowned and respected physicians in medical history. Born in Bond Head, Ontario in 1849, he studied medicine at McGill University and went on to teach at McGill and the University of Pennsylvania. In 1889 he was one of the "Big Four" founders of the Johns Hopkins Medical School and Hospital. He became Regius Professor of Medicine at Oxford University in 1905 and was knighted in 1911 in recognition of his contributions to medical science and teaching.

"Harvey Cushing (1869-1939) was a pioneering neurosurgeon and close friend to Sir William Osler. Upon Osler's death in 1919, Dr. Cushing undertook to write his biography at Lady Osler’s request. Between 1920 and 1924, Dr. Cushing collected over 7 000 letters to and from Sir William, notes and excerpts from manuscripts. Many of these were copied and the originals returned to their owners. In 1925 Cushing published the two-volume Life of Sir William Osler, which won the Pulitzer Prize the following year. Dr. Cushing later donated his research material to the Osler Library. 

"These materials, especially the letters, are an important source for Oslerian research. This online index provides access to information about materials that was previously only available to on-site visitors. It is intended to increase awareness and use of this rich collection.

"The letters and other documents indexed on this site are part of a larger collection of Oslerian material in the Harvey Cushing Fonds (P417). Photos collected by Cushing and others are available in digital format online at the William Osler Photo Collection. The index also includes original Osler material from other archival collections and fonds, including the Sir William Osler Collection (P100), the Malloch Family Fonds (P107), and the Maude Abbott Collection (P111)."

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Harvey later published Living light (1940) and Bioluminescence (1952). The 1952 book extended over 600 pages, and was his definitive study.

(Thanks to Malcolm Jay Kottler for the updates to Harvey's 1920 book.)

On carbon monoxide poisoning. Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at this link.

Foerster made a most important contribution to the literature on extra pyramidal diseases.

Positive contrast myelography with iodized oil (lipiodol). This paper records the first use of lipiodol in radiology.

Myelography by air injection into spinal subarachnoid space.

Separation of vitamin A from vitamin D. With M. Sell and M. Van R. Buell.

Coronary arterial anatomy studied by radiography of the injected arteries by a standard technique.

“Creutzfeld-Jakob disease”, spastic pseudosclerosis. Traditionally considered to have been independently discovered by Creutzfeld, but in the 21st century recognized as a discovery by Jakob alone. See also No. 4719.1.

Souques recognized the importance of encephalitis lethargica as a cause of Parkinsonism; more than any other neurologist he was responsible for unifying its diverse manifestations.

pt. 1. Demobilization, 1919, by C.B. Davenport and A.G. Love. 1921. pt. 2. Medical and casualty statistics based on the medical records of the United States Army, April 1, 1917, to December 31, 1919, inclusive, by A.G. Love. 1925. vol. XII. Pathology of the acute respiratory diseases, and of gas gangrene following war wounds, by G.R. Callender and J.F. Coupal. 1929- vol. XIII. pt. 1. Physical reconstruction and vocational education, by A.G. Crane. pt. 2. The Army nurse corps, by Julia C. Stimson. 1927- vol. XIV. Medical aspects of gas warfare, by W.D. Bancroft, H.C. Bradley [and others] 1926.- vol. XV. Statistics, pt. 1. Army anthropology, based on observations made on draft recruits, 1917-1918, and on veterans at J.D. Eby; opthalmology (United States), by G.E. De Schweinitz; opthalmology (American expeditionary forces), by Allan Greenwood; otolaryngology (United States), by S.J. Morris; otolaryngology (American expeditionary forces), by J.F. McKernon. 1924.-vol. VII. Training, by W.N. Bispham. 1927. - vol. VIII. Field operations, by Charles Lynch. J.H. Ford, F.W. Weed. 1925.- vol. IX. Communicable and other diseases, by J.F.Siler. 1928.- vol. X. Neuropsychiatry in the United States, by Pearce Bailey, F.E. Williams, P.O. Komora; in the American expeditionary forces, by T.W. Salmon, Norman Fenton. 1929.- vol. XI. Surgery, pt. 1. General surgery, orthopedic surgery, neurosurgery. 1927. pt. 2. Empyema, by E.K. Dunham; maxillofacial surgery, by R.H. Ivy and
Editor-in-chief: Col.Charles Lynch.

The text of the complete set is available from the U.S.Army Medical Department, Office of Medical History at this link.

Langley divided the autonomic nervous system into (1) the orthosympathetic, and (2) the parasympathetic; he defined it as an efferent system.

Loewi’s important experiments firmly established the theory of chemical intermediaries in nervous reactions.

In 1936 Loewi shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Dale "for discoveries related to chemical neurotransmission."

Evans and Long discovered the growth hormone of the anterior pituitary, showing that continued injections of an anterior pituitary extract produced an acceleration in the growth-rate of laboratory animals.

Isolation of glutathione.

This paper reports the isolation of insulin. An extract from the pancreas of a dog, removed after ligation of the excretory duct, was found to exercise a reducing influence on the percentage of sugar in the blood. Digital facsimile from insulin.library.utoronto.ca at this link.

Isolation of ergotamine.

An important work on the biomicroscopy of the eye. Second ed. greatly revised and enlarged, vol. 1-2, Springer, 1930-31; vol. 3, Stuttgart, F. Enke, 1942; vol. 3 (English translation) Zurich, 1947. Second ed. reprinted, Bonn, J. P. Wayenborgh, 1977. English trans. by F.C. Blodi, 3 vols., Bonn, J.P. Wayenborgh, 1978-81.

A collection of papers published previously in various journals. Ruffer spent many years in Egypt in the study of palaeopathology. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Prausnitz–Küstner reaction. These workers demonstrated antibodies in the blood of persons suffering from atopic allergic diseases. They produced local passive sensitization by intracutaneous injection of serum from a hypersensitive subject. Prausnitz spent his later years in England, where he adopted the surname Prausnitz Giles. Translated by Prausnitz in Clinical aspects of immunology (P.G.H.Gell & R.R.A. Coombs, eds.) Oxford, 1962, pp. 808-16.

An important series of papers on blood-grouping and the jurisprudence of paternity. Ottenberg performed the first matched-blood transfusion.

Lipschütz’s account of herpes virus diseases included identification of the characteristic inclusion bodies (“Zosterkörperchen”).

Introduction of sodium-potassium bismuth tartrate in the treatment of syphilis.

Rosenow showed that focal infection could by caused by bacteria in teeth, etc.

Westergren’s method of measuring the erythrocyte sedimentation rate.

Ryle’s tube, for obtaining specimens of gastric juice.

Carcinoma of pharynx cured by the Coutard method of Röntgen therapy.

Important studies on bronchiectasis were carried out by Lynah and Stewart.

Laboratory demonstration of the antispasmodic action of theophylline on bronchial smooth muscle.

Conservative treatment of sinusitis.

“Achard–Thiers syndrome”. These writers established as a definite syndrome the combination of hirsutism with diabetes.

First successful ligation of the abdominal aorta.

Perirenal insufflation of oxygen, for the roentgenological study of the kidney.

Paulesco isolated the anti-diabetic hormone of the pancreas before Banting and Best. He named it “pancréine”.

Injection of quinine urethane for the treatment of varicose veins.

First pericardiectomy, for constrictive pericarditis.

Second edition, 1926 (reprinted 1964).

Retrospective from 1839; discontinued in 1969. Later known as Index to dental literature. Digital facsimile of the early volumes from the Hathi Trust at this link. Black spearheaded the project and supervised the compilation of its early volumes.

Ewing described a form of bone sarcoma (“Ewing’s sarcoma”), usually involving the shaft of long bones.

“Léri’s pleonosteosis” first described.

First published account of the use of the laparoscope for arthroscopy.

“Scheuermann’s disease” – necrosis of the epiphyses of the vertebrae, causing kyphosis.

Introduction of tryparsamide in the treatment of trypanosomiasis.

Introduction of epidural anesthesia.

Intratracheal insufflation method of anesthetization. See also Magill, I. W., Lancet, 1921, 1, 918; 1923, 2, 229.

Kretschmer has attempted to correlate body build and constitution with character and mentality.

Rorschach test. 2nd ed., Bern, 1932. English translation, Bern, Huber, 1942. See the biography of Rorschach in Bull. Menninger Clin., 1954, 18, 173-219.

Gillies’s operation for cleft palate.

Introduction of the carbon tetrachloride treatment of ankylostomiasis.

Introduction of Yatren.

Isolation of Rickettsia prowazeki from the blood. With S. A. Ritter and G. Baehr.

The true nature of ovarian endometriomata was elucidated by Sampson.

Potter’s operation of podalic version.

FitzPatrick Lectures, 1909-10. Allbutt was Regius Professor of Physic at Cambridge and a great literary stylist. Underwood described him as the most learned and distinguished physician of the last hundred years.

Browne, an eminent authority on oriental languages, became professor of Arabic in the University of Cambridge. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

5th edition, 1965, under the title Illustrierte Geschichte der Medizin.

The final text of these lectures, which Osler characterized as "an aeroplane flight over the progress of medicine through the ages," remained unfinished at Osler’s death, and Osler requested in his will that this and his other unfinished works not be published. In spite of this, the work was prepared for the press by Harvey Cushing, Edward Streeter, Fielding Garrison, and Leonard Mackall, and published two years after Osler's death. It remains one of the most interesting short histories of medicine, written in Osler’s usual charming style, and is still one of the best books with which to commence the study of medical history.

This was the first text that my historically-oriented physician father suggested I read regarding the history of medicine when I was about ten years old. Six and a half decades later I cannot remember how much of the text I comprehended at the time, but I recall that it made a favorable impression. We might say that it began to lay the groundwork for what came later.... - JMN.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Standard Greek text.

The first fossil human discovered in Africa: Homo rhodesiensis, commonly referred to as the Broken Hill Skull or the Kabwe Cranium.The skull, which most current experts classify as Homo heidelbergensis, was discovered in 1921 in a lead and zinc mine in Kabwe, Zambia (formerly Broken Hill, Rhodesia).

Remarkable illustrations in the 1920's "modernizing" industrial style later, made more famous by Fritz Kahn (1888-1968) who got his start by contributing an essay to this work. Günther was the pseudonym of the popular science writer, Walter de Haas.

Digital facsimile from BnF Gallica at this link.

D'Hérrelle cited several actual reports of successful treatment of bacterial infections by the injection of bacteriophages in animals and humans. These may be considered early attempts at direct gene transfer in vivo (Wolff & Lederberg p. 11). The advent of antibiotics discouraged further investigation in this direction. Translated into English by George H. Smith as The bacteriophage: Its role in immunity. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1922. Digital facsimile of the 1921 edition from Google Books at this link, of the English translation at this link.

The classic treatise on the initial approach to abdominal pain. This work underwent its 22nd edition in 2011. 

First description of African Swine Fever. Montgomery was "Veterinary Adviser to the Government of Uganda, formerly Veterinary Pathologist to the East Africa Protectorate."

A comprehensive survey written two years after the pandemic, including historical information back to 1893. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

From "Influenza and pneumonia (All forms)" p. 28:

"In the later part of 1918 a pandemic of influenza swept over the country and did not fully spend its force until well into 1919....

"In the registration area (exclusive of Hawaii) the 189,326 deaths from influenza and pneumonia (all forms) in 1919 correspond to a rate of 222.4 per 100,000 population as against 479,038 deaths in 1918, with a rate of 588.7. Fully 79.8 per cent of the mortality from these causes in 1918 occurred in the last four months of the year, and as the pandemic continued into 1919, fully 83.2 per cent of the mortality from these causes in 1919 occured in the first six months of the year...."

Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at this link.

Hahnemann completed his work for the 6th edition in 1842, a year before his death. After Hahnemann’s death in 1843, his widow, Mélanie Hahnemann, had a hand-written copy made of Hahnemann’s volume and notes. In 1920, James Ward and William Boericke, American homeopaths based in San Francisco, purchased both the interleaved volume and the manuscript copy. Richard Haehl, a German homeopath, acted as their agent. Haehl used the hand-written copy as the basis for the 6th edition, published in Germany in 1921. The interleaved volume was sent to Boericke in San Francisco, and he used it as the basis of the 1922 English-language edition.
Digital facsimile of Haehl's manuscript from the Internet Archive at this link.

Lloyd comprehensively collected and studied the historical literature, citing it throughout the text and in the numerous bibliographies of specific drugs in this work. The book includes a bibliography of historical sources citing 707 works.

Lloyd and his brothers endowed the Lloyd Library and Museum in Cincinnati, a institution concerning medical botany, pharmacy, eclectic medicine and horticulture.
Digital facsimile from Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

Gottlieb was "the major periodontal investigator of the early 20th century. He extended the histopathologic studies of Znamensky.... His major contributions were in the nature of the epithelial attachment to the tooth and its apical migration as a manifestation of inflammatory periodontal disease, the biology of cementum, and its role in periodontal disease, trauma from occlusion, and active and passive tooth eruption" (Shklar and Chernin, Sourcebook of dental medicine (2002) 678.)

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Silliman Lectures. Krogh was first to describe the adaptation of blood perfusion in muscle and other organs according to demands through opening and closing the arterioles and capillaries.

In 1920 Krogh received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for the discovery of the mechanism of regulation of the capillaries in skeletal muscle." 

Besides his contributions to medicine, Krogh was one of the founders of the company known today as Novo Nordisk. 

An account of the work of the Oxford School of Physiology, in particular the Pike’s Peak expedition (No. 957). Second edition, 1935, with J. G. Priestley.

Read’s formula for computation of basal metabolic rate.

Sturge–Weber syndrome (see No. 4560.1).

Discovery of vitamin D. with N. Simmonds, J. E. Becker, and P. G. Shipley.

Discovery of vitamin E. See also their later paper in J. Amer. med. Ass.,1923, 81, 889-92.

Includes (p. 111) his smooth diet for duodenal ulcer. Fourth edition entitled Introduction to gastro-enterology, 1950.

The (extrapyramidal) syndrome of Hallervorden and Spatz.

One of the founders of bacteriology, Pasteur's work on fermentation, the doctrine of spontaneous generation (which he exploded), virus diseases and preventive vaccinations, was fundamental. Digital facsimile of the complete works from BnF Gallica at this link. An early classic biography is René Vallery-Radot (1853-1933), La Vie de Pasteur, Paris, 1900. English translation, 2 vols., 1901. More recent scholarship includes Gerald Geison, The private science of Louis Pasteur (1995). One of the best modern biographies is Patrice Debré, Louis Pasteur, Paris: Flammarion, 1994. English translation by Elborg Forster, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1998.

Raymond Pearl did important work on the subject of vital statistics.

Reprinted London, Minerva Press, 1972.

Lysozyme, an antimicrobial enzyme that is a component of secretions such as tears and saliva.

Digital facsimile from royalsocietypublishing.org at this link

Kahn test.

Kolmer test.

“Schultz’s syndrome” – first description of agranulocytic angina. Schultz reported four cases of necrotic ulcerative infection of the throat with complete or almost complete disappearance of polymorphonuclears. To describe the blood change he introduced the term “agranulocytosis”.

Description of the skull found at Broken Hill, Rhodesia, in 1921.

Mason gave sickle-cell anemia its present name.

Schindler made gastroscopy a “method”. See also his paper in the Münch, med. Wschr., 1922, 69, 535-37.

Hirsch established the value of theophylline in the management of asthma.

First paravertebral injection for the treatment of angina pectoris.

First full description of chromaffin cell tumors of the adrenal medulla. With J. Tinel and E. Doumer.

A preliminary one-page communication regarding the isolation of insulin, made to a meeting of the American Physiological Society in December 1921. Digital facsimile from insulin.library.utoronto.ca at this link.

In 1923 Banting and Macleod were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for the discovery of insulin." Banting was only 32 years old at the time. When I wrote this note in 2017 Banting remained the youngest person to receive the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine. See also Nos. 1205, 3967 and 3968.

The first clinical application of insulin in the treatment of diabetes. Co-authored by W. R. Campbell, and A. A. Fletcher. Digital facsimile from PubMedCentral at this link.

Geraghty’s modification of Young’s perineal prostatectomy.

Introduction of sodium salicylate injections for the treatment of varicose veins. With J. Paraf and J. Lermoyez.

“The first authoritative book in the field” (Ring). Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Isolation of Lactobacillus odontolyticus I and II from carious teeth. Digital facsimile of part 1 from PubMedCentral at this link. Digital facsimile of part 4 from PubMedCentral at this link.

Reprinted with revisions and new index from J. dent. Res., 1920, 2, 89-175, 215-426, 604-717; 1921, 3, 87-228.

“Stevens-Johnson syndrome”, a generalized eruption, continued fever, inflamed buccal mucosa, and severe purulent conjunctivitis. B.A. Thomas (Brit. med. J., 1950, 1, 1393) believes this to be merely a severe form of Hebra’s erythema multiforme exudativum (No. 4049, p. 198).

Thomas Vicary Lecture. First published in Lancet, 1922, 1, 111-16, 165-72.

Sampson Handley advanced the theory that in mammary cancer metastasis is due to extension along lymphatic vessels – “lymphatic permeation” – and not to dissemination byway of the blood stream. The book was first published in 1906.

Contains 5,680 references to all aspects of hookworm disease, prefaced by a short history. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Introduction of the photometric spectacle lens.

The carefully controlled experiments of Wolbach, Todd, and Palfrey eliminated all doubt that R. prowazeki was the causal agent in typhus. Digital facsimile from the U.S. National Library of Medicine at this link.

Dunhill’s operation for the removal of intrathoracic tumors.

“Spalding’s sign” of fetal death.

Plasmodium ovale described.

Medicine, surgery and pharmacology as practiced among the nomadic Arabs in Algeria at time of writing.

“The first book ever written dealing solely with premature and congenitally diseased infants” (Cone). Hess founded the first premature infant center in the United States at Michael Reese Hospital in Chicago.

Laurence–Moon–Biedl syndrome (see also No. 6368). Biedl’s cases were more fully described by W. Raab, in Wien. Arch. inn. Med., 1924, 7, 443-530.

History of teratology in art from 15th to 18th centuries.

Paracelsus, a much-travelled man, was one of the most remarkable figures in medicine. He was first to write on miners’ diseases, to establish the relationship between cretinism and endemic goitre and to note the geographic differences in diseases. Sudhoff studied Paracelsus exhaustively. J. Hargrave published a biography in 1951. See also W. Pagel’s Paracelsus, Basel & New York, Karger, 1958.

A standard work on the development of homeopathy and the life of Hahnemann. Digital facsimile of the 1922 German edition from the Hathitrust at this link. The work was translated into English as Samuel Hahnemann, His life and Work, Based on recently discovered State Papers, Documents, Letters, &c. by Marie J. Wheeler and W.H.R Grundy, and edited by J. H. Clarke and F. J. Wheeler, London: Homoeopathic Publishing Company, 1922. Digital facsimile of the English translation from the Internet Archive at this link.

By developing a new infographics style of illustration in which physiological processes and other technical medical and biological concepts were often depicted as, or compared to machines, Kahn made medical and biological information more widely accessible to the general public. Includes the famous large folding color graphic poster, Der Mensch als Industriepalast (98 x 49 cms). Also includes a pair of 3D glasses for viewing 3D images reproduced in the 5th volume.

"Camurati-Engelmann disease", a very rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder that causes characteristic anomalies in the skeleton. It is a form of dysplasia. See No. 4395.1.

Martin, "Director-General, American College of Surgeons," and Managing Editor, Surgery, Gynecology and Obstetrics, visited South American with William J. Mayo, who wrote the introduction. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

English translation as Self-mastery through conscious autosuggestion, New York: Markan Publishing Co., 1922. Digital facsimile of the English translation from the Internet Archive at this link.

By six authors. Also authored by Sarah Elizabeth Pickett, and Anna R. van Meter. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Medicine in Homer.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Covers the historical, technical, scientific, commercial, social and artistic dimensions of coffee. Second edition, 1935.  Digital facsimile of the 1922 edition from Google Books at this link.

Digital facsimile from Harvard Library at this link.

Most of this book concerns John Goodyer, his life, his garden, a detailed 40-page catalogue of Goodyer's library, Goodyer's list of plants, lists of plants grown in English gardens, etc. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

An extensively annotated historical bibliography of dental bibliographies. Also published in Arthur D. Black, ed., Index of the periodical dental literature.... for 1916-1920 (Chicago, 1922) pp. xiv-liii. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

On p. 29 Weber claims to have compiled a bibliography of over 12,500 books, dissertations, and pamphlets concerning dentistry from 1490 to 1921. This huge multi-volume catalogue remained unpublished, and existed, he stated, in only a single manuscript copy.

Felix Stern was the leading German specialist in encephalitis lethargica . No national statistics for this disease, first described in Vienna in 1916, were kept in Germany. For this reason, the data collected by Stern at the University Nerve Clinic in Göttingen, both in the first edition of 1922 and the enlarged second edition of 1928, is fundamental as a record of the epidemic that ended in 1926 in Germany. Stern estimated that at least 60,000 people contracted the disease in Germany. 

Rodríguez discovered that three types of the Lactobacillus species of bacteria, during the process of fermentation, are the causes of cavities. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

First work in English on regional anesthesia. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at this link.

Greek–English edition in the Loeb Classical Library. 

Lumsden introduced the concept of subsidiary respiratory centers in the brain stem.

Hayem first named the hematoblasts in 1877 (Mém. Soc. Biol. (Paris), 1877, 29, 97). His view, reiterated in 1923, was that they were the early stages of red blood cells and regenerated the blood.

The acetonitril test was introduced by Hunt in 1905 (J. biol. Chem., 1, 33) and later modified by him. It shows the activity of thyroid preparations to be proportional to their iodine content.

Hanson isolated the first really potent parathyroid extract.

Isolation of the active principle of the ovarian hormone (oestrin). More detailed account in J. biol. Chem., 1924, 61, 711-23.

Records an important advance in the knowledge concerning the conversion of blood calcium into the insoluble calcium of bone.

Proof of tubular secretion in mammals.

The first formal handbook on birth control.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

F. P. Underhill, G. L. Carrington, R. Kapsinow, and G. T. Pack made important studies on the blood concentration following burns.

Gives, in an appendix, a list of writers on syphilis from 1495 to 1829.  Digital facsimile from wellcomecollection.org at this link.

Surveys the ancient evidence of disease in plants, invertebrates and vertebrates, including man. 

“The first book ever written on medical geography, climatology, and anthropology” (Garrison). The Latin translation of this text was first published in Rhazes’ Liber ad Almansorem, Milan, 1481. See No. 39.1. The standard Greek edition is Hippokrates überdie Umwelt. Herausgegeben und übersetzt von H. Diller, Corpus Medicorum Graecorum, I, 1,2, Berlin, 1970.

The Society of American Bacteriologists appointed in 1920 a Committee on Characterization and Classification of Bacterial Types. Their reports were incorporated in the above Manual issued under the names of Bergey and his associates. The current edition of Bergey's manual of systematics of archaea and bacteria is published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. in Association with Bergey's Manual Trust.

Heidelberger, Avery, and their colleagues made a chemical study of the antigenic constituents of the pneumococcus, separating the polysaccharide antigens.

Bone marrow biopsy by sternal puncture.

First genetic study of sickling.

A classic description of angina by “the beloved physician”, one of the greatest of all cardiologists. Mackenzie considered the disease to be due to cardiac failure.

Gallie and LeMesurier used fascial sutures in their operation for inguinal hernia.

In this classic paper Ullmann reported the transmission of the virus to animals.

Voronoff first reported his controversial experimental rejuvenation by means of testicular transplants in 1919.

Arteriography. First angiogram of a living patient.

First description of the experimental use of peritoneal dialysis in uremia.

Crush syndrome.

Holmgren’s fenestration operation.

Collip improved insulin.

Successful section of mitral valve for relief of mitral stenosis.

First complete pericardiectomy for constrictive pericarditis.

With Tixier, Hue, and Kermorgant.

Jones was a pupil of Hugh Owen Thomas and a pioneer of active surgical intervention in orthopedics. He advocated tendon transplantation, bone grafting, and other reconstructive and restorative procedures. He did much valuable work during the war of 1914-18, and he is one of the greatest figures in British orthopedics.

McCarthy foroblique pan-endoscope.

First use of sodium iodide in uretero-pyelography. With C. G. Sutherland and A. J. Scholl. 

Blundell Bankart’s operation.

Introduction of moranyl (“Foumeau 309”).

Introduction of ethylene.

Sodium amytal described.

Janet’s summary of his work with hypnosis, including one of the most detailed histories of hypnosis available. English translation, as Psychological healing, 2 vols., 1925.

Plastic operation for enlarged breasts.

Ashworth was the first to show that Rhinosporidium was a fungus.

Introduction of stovarsol (oxyaminophenylarsenic acid) in the treatment of amoebiasis.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Hippocrates may be regarded as the first malariologist; he clearly and fully described the intermittent fevers; he was acquainted with seasonal and topographical variations in the distribution of malaria; and he recognized an association between marshes and fevers.

Facsimiles of the texts of 660 cuneiform medical tablets, many of which were hitherto unpublished, from the library of Ashurbanipal. The tablets date back to the seventh century B.C. No translations are included, but Thompson interpreted and systematized many of the texts in a later work (Proceedings Royal Society of Medicine, 1924, 17, Sect. Hist. Med., 1-34; 1926, 19, Sect. Hist. Med., 29-78). Digital facsimile from Stony Brook University at this link.

The earliest known description of puerperal fever.

Reprinted New Delhi, 1974.

Feer described a vegetative neurosis (“Feer’s disease”) affecting infants and characterized by cyanosis of the extremities, recurrent sweating, tremor, motor weakness, rapid pulse, and insomnia. It was first described by Selter (No. 6344) and later by Swift, with whose names it is sometimes associated; it is also termed infantile acrodynia and pink disease.

Re-issued separately with an appendix on the history of pediatrics in recent times by A. F. Abt, Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders, 1965.

Bibliographical Society Publication. Based on Osler’s presidential address to the Bibliographical Society in 1914, with minor editing for posthumous publication by Archibald Malloch and W. W. Francis. Introduction by A. W. Pollard. The work opens with an essay by Osler citing many early printed medical texts, including a detailed discussion of the earliest bloodletting calendars, showing the influence of the invention of printing upon the dissemination of medieval medical information. Next follows a descriptive list of 217 medical books printed to 1480. This list was edited, with an Editor's Note, by bibliographer Victor Scholderer. Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at this link.

Vols. 1-2 deal with the first 13 centuries of the Christian era; vols. 3-4 with the 14th and 15th centuries, vols. 5-6 with the 16th century, and vols. 7-8 with the 17th century.

Hippocrates introduced the inductive method of studying epidemics.

This includes the first mention of epilepsy in children. Hippocrates grouped all convulsive attacks together as ερα νο̂σος, the sacred disease. He did not employ the word έπίληψις, (which seems first to have been used in the 10th century by Avicenna) but the terms ρόν νόσημα, παθος παίδειον and νόσημα παίδειον. The standard Greek edition is Die hippokratische Schrift Über dieheilige Krankheit. Herausgegeben, übersetzt und erläutert von H. Grensemann, Berlin, 1968.

The story of Treves's patient, Joseph Carey Merrick (1862-1890), incorrected identified by Treves in these reminiscences as "John Merrick." The story was retold in The elephant man, Bernard Pomerance's 1977 play about Joseph Merrick's life, as well as David Lynch's 1980 film The Elephant man in which Treves was portrayed by Anthony Hopkins. 

"The exact cause of Merrick's deformities is unclear. The dominant theory throughout much of the 20th century was that Merrick suffered from neurofibromatosis type I. In 1986, a new theory emerged that he had Proteus syndrome. In 2001, it was proposed that Merrick had suffered from a combination of neurofibromatosis type I and Proteus syndrome. DNA tests conducted on his hair and bones have proven inconclusive," Wikipedia article on Joseph Merrick, accessed 7-28-2016.)

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

An account intended for general audiences, as compared to Moodie's Palaeopathology published the same year. Digital facsimile of The Antiquity of Disease from the Internet Archive at this link.

Physicans from the medical school at Salerno who were unknown to de Renzi (No. 6518). Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Reflective of the extent to which homeopathy remained in mainstream American medicine in the period immediately after World War I. Reproduces at the front of the book a letter from President Warren G. Harding congratulating American homeopathic physicians for their work during the war. Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at this link.

Digital facsimile from spiritoftherivers.wikispaces.com at this link.

The Handbuch der Zoologie/Handbook of Zoology was founded by Willi Kükenthal in Berlin, and treated the complete animal kingdom from single cell organisms to mammals in eight thematic volumes: Volume I: Protozoa, Porifera, Colenteratea, Mesozoa (1925); Volume 2: Worms (1933/34); Volume 3: Arthropoda ex. Insecta (1927/1932); Volume 4: Arthopoda: Insecta; Volume 5: Solenogastres, Mollusca, Echinoderma (1925); Volume 6: Pisces / Amphibia (1930); Volume 7: Reptilia / Aves (1931); Volume VIII Mammalia. As knowledge in these subjects increased, all volumes were later broken into several parts, and the set eventually included about 100 printed volumes, with the final volumes appearing in 2005.

In April 2017 a complete list of printed volumes published, including authors, titles, dates, and pagination, was available from degruyter.com at this link. The publishers also announced that:

"Beginning in 2010 the Handbook of Zoology will be restructured and offered additionally as a database (Zoology Online) which can be easily searched and rapidly updated. The eight thematic volumes will be replaced with smaller and more flexible groupings that reflect the current state of phylogenetic knowledge. Faster publication times through online-prepublication, reference linking, forward linking and multimedia presentations will make the Handbook of Zoology highly attractive to both authors and users."

Handbook of Zoology Online was available from degruyter.com at this link.

The first application of radioactive tracers in biological studies. Digital facsimile from PubMedCentral at this link.

Hevesy received the 1943 Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes."

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

"In the fall of 1916, before the United States entered World War I, the National Research Council named Cannon a member of a committee on traumatic shock. Later he joined the Harvard University Hospital Unit. On his way to France in May 1917, he stopped in London and arranged with Fletcher, first secretary of the Medical Research Committee, to join the group of physicians and surgeons of the British Expeditionary Forces who were dealing with shock cases at the Casualty Clearing Station at Béthune. . . . Initially Cannon and his associates in the field concentrated their therapeutic efforts on treating the acidosis that accompanies shock. Later they recognized that the acidosis was merely a secondary phenomenon, the result of the inadequacy of tissue perfusion. In 1923 Cannon summarized his wartime experience in Traumatic Shock" (Dictionary of Scientific Biography).

"In their monumental 1945 paper on the surgical treatment of malformations of the heart, Alfred Blalock and Helen Taussig refer to this monograph: 'Lundsgaard and Van Slyke in their classic studies on the causes of cyanosis showed that there were four important factors in the production of cyansosis: the height of the hemoglobin, the volume of the venous blood shunted into the systemic circulation, the rate of utilization of oxygen by the peripheral tissues and the extent of the aeration of the blood in the lungs' " (W. Bruce Fye).

Covers experimental and clinical transplantation with an extensive bibliography.

Sen, company doctor on the Hurmutty Tea Estate in Assam, estimated that the pandemic killed about 15,000,000 people in India.

Downey characterized reactive lymphocytes, usually associated with viral illnesses, such as Epstein-Barr virus, but which can also be caused by drug reactions or other pathogens. He classified the cells into type 1, type 2, and type 3. They were later called "Downey cells".

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)

Pages 218-245 represent Jakob's full clinical-pathologic description of the fifth patient that he first described in this work.The symptoms of this patient and the histopathopathologic illustrations correspond fully with 21st century understanding of Creutzfeld-Jakob disease.

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)

An illustrated outline of people and events the authors considered significant in 1923. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.  New edition with an introduction by Robert Jütte, Berlin & New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2001.