Exhaustive and well-documented, but no index.

“Disposes of many myths deeply embedded in the literature” (Macfarlane, see No. 1934).

Axelrod shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Bernard Katz and Ulf von Euler in 1970 for his work on the release and reuptake of catecholamine neurotransmitters, a class of chemicals in the brain that include epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine. He summarized this work in his Nobel Lecture.

With J. M. H. Pearson and M. F. R. Waters.

In 1970 Baltimore and Temin discovered that certain viruses that have their genes in the form of RNA can copy the RNA "backward" into DNA in infected cells. The enyzme, reverse transcriptase, enables the manufacture of specific proteins for use as medicines. Baltimore, who was the only author of this paper, shared the Nobel Prize with R. Dulbecco and H. M. Temin in 1975 for discoveries concerning the interaction between tumor viruses and the genetic material of the cell.

Discovery of reverse transcriptase. "In 1969, Temin and a postdoctoral fellow, Satoshi Mizutani, began searching for the enzyme that was responsible for the phenomenon of viral RNA being transferred into proviral DNA.^[5] Later that year, Temin showed that certain tumor viruses carried the enzymatic ability to reverse the flow of information from RNA back to DNA using reverse transcriptase. Reverse transcriptase was also independently and simultaneously discovered in association with the murine leukemia virus by David Baltimore at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.^[10] In 1975, Baltimore and Temin shared the Nobel Prize of Physiology or Medicine.^[11] Both scientists completed their initial work with RNA-dependent DNA polymerase with the Rous sarcoma virus." (Wikipedia article on Howard Martin Temin, accessed 3-2020).

Combination chemotherapy with nitrogen mustard (mustine hydrochloride), vincristine sulphate, procarbazine hydrochloride and prednisone, introduced in 1964 for the treatment of advanced Hodgkin’s disease. With A. A. Serpick and P. P. Carbone.

In 1959 Biggs moved to the Houghton Poultry Research Station (HPRS) to form and head a unit to study lymphoid tumor conditions of the domestic fowl. He gave the name Marek’s disease to one of the tumor conditions, after the Hungarian veterinarian József Marek. Biggs and his group determined that it was caused by a herpesvirus, and later developed a vaccine for the disease. With six co-authors.

A scholarly work with extensive bibliographies.

The Swan-Ganz balloon flotation catheter, a flow-guided balloon-tipped catheter of flexible construction, which enabled “placement without associated ventricular arrhythmias, prompt and reliable passage to the pulmonary artery and passage without fluoroscopy”. With 4 co-authors.

Hypervariable regions of “Ig.”

Suppressor T cells.

First monograph on ambulatory hernia surgery. Second edition published by Ishiyaku Euroamerica in 1986 was retitled:

Hernia repair without disability: A surgical atlas illustrating the anatomy, technique, and physiologic rationale of the "one-day" hernia and introducing new concepts, tension-free herniorrhaphies.

From The Great Pestilence of 1348 to the Plague of London in 1665, discussing efforts to control the disease, and its impacts on social and economic life. 

Supplement to Trop. Dis. Bull., vol. 67.

Neuroanatomists, neurophysiologists, neuropathologists, clinical neurologists and neurosurgeons are included. 1st ed., 1953, had 133 biographies; 2nd ed. has 146, 34 of which have been added. Because the 2nd edition deleted certain biographies, readers should also consult the 1st edition.

Readings, including translations, from classic texts, with commentary.

An arenovirus infection first noted in Lassa, N. E. Nigeria, in 1969. With J. M. Baldwin, D. J. Gocke, and J. M. Troup.

Preliminary note in Nature (Lond.), 1970, 227, 174. Lassa Hemorrhagic Fever is endemic to the West African countries of Nigeria, Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone.

Digital facsimile from Washington State University Digital Collections at this link.

Volume 95 of The Civililization of the American Indian Series.

Monographic series. Continuation of Münchener Beiträge, etc., 1-17, 1926-29.

Covers the influence of Western medicine on Japan from the seventeenth century through 1870.

Discovery of the first type II restriction enzyme (HindII). With T. J. Kelly. Smith shared the 1978 Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology with Werner Arber and Daniel Nathans.

Also: Smith H.O., Wilcox, K.W. , "A restriction enzyme from Hemophilus influenzae. I. Purification and general properties," J. Mol. Biol. 51 (1970) 379-391.

Proceedings of an international symposium sponsored by the Taylor Manor Hospital in Baltimore in 1970, including first person accounts by those who discovered the original drugs in each of the major categories of psychotropic medications. Republished, Baltimore: Ayd Medical Communications, 1984.

Classic paper on the prognosis of melanoma. Digital facsimile available from PubMedCentral at this link.

Part 1: Surviving Hunterian specimens demonstrating those organs in plants and animals for the special purposes of the individual. Part 2: Hunterian specimens demonstrating the products of generation together with surviving Hunterian specimens from other collections.

This paper, delivered at the 1969 Nuclear Science Symposium and Nuclear Power Systems Engineering Symposium, October, 1969, provided powerful scientific evidence that the then currently allowable radiation dose (Federal Radiation Council Guidelines) of 0.17 Rads per year from peaceful development of atomic energy should be reduced downward by a factor of 10, to a dose of less than 0.017 Rads per year for the allowable population exposure to ionizing radiation. Gofman and Tamplin argued that if everyone in the U.S. received 0.17 Rads per year, as the Atomic Energy Commission then planned to allow, that would lead to a minimum estimate of 16,000 additional cancer plus leukemia cases annually in the U.S.

The paper also enunciated 3 " general laws of radiation-induction of cancer in man" Over time these laws became widely accepted.

"Law I All forms of cancer, in all proability, can be increased by ionizing radiation, and the correct way to describe the phenomena is either in terms of the dose required to double the sponaneous incidence rate of each cancer or, alternatively, as the increase in incidence rate of each cancers per Rad of exposure.

"Law II  All forms of cancer show closely similar doubling doses and closely similar increases in incidence rate per Rad.

"Law III Youthful subjects require less radiation to increase the incidence rate by a specified faction than to adults."

Gofman and Tamplin published about 15 papers on these issues within a year. A less technical paper on the subject was "Radiation, cancer, and environmental health," Hospital Practice, 5, 91- 110. The two papers specifically cited here, and others by Gofman and Tamplin were influential in preventing an enormous growth in the number of nuclear reactors in the U.S. that the Atomic Energy Commission was then proposing: 1000 to 2000 nuclear reactors in the United States. Gofman was then director of the Division of Medical Physics (Berkeley) and director of the Bio-Medical Research Division at Lawrence Livermore Laboratory.

In this study of ten million children Stewart and Kneale showed that obstetric X-rays significantly increased the rate of childhood leukemia and cancer.

Crutzen showed that nitrous oxide impacts the ozone layer by pointing out "that emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O), a stable, long-lived gas produced by soil bacteria, from the Earth's surface could affect the amount of nitric oxide (NO) in the stratosphere. He showed that nitrous oxide lives long enough to reach the stratosphere, where it is converted into NO. Crutzen then noted that increasing use of fertilizers might have led to an increase in nitrous oxide emissions over the natural background, which would in turn result in an increase in the amount of NO in the stratosphere. Thus human activity could have an impact on the stratospheric ozone layer" (Wikipedia article on Ozone depletion, accessed 12-2016).

Over 5,000 biographies, each with detailed bibliographies of primary and secondary sources. Medical biographies tend to be of physiologists and other researchers rather than clinicians. Includes an exhaustive index and some topical essays. The Concise dictionary of scientific biography (New York, Scribner’s, [1981]) contains in 1 vol. very useful abridged versions of all biographies found in the 16 vol. work without the bibliographies.

"The building of a connection between the Gompertz equation and the biology of ageing owes much to the work of biophysicist George Sacher [10] of the Argonne National Laboratory, whose introduction to ageing stemmed from the growing recognition during the 1950s that irradiation would shorten length of life [11]. The same recognition led physicist Leo Szilard [12] to propose the somatic mutation theory of ageing and prompted a range of studies on the effects of radiation on ageing both in animal models such as Drosophila (e.g. [13]) and also in human survivors of atomic bomb irradiation [14].

Sacher [10] used the Gompertz model to compare the patterns of increase in age-specific mortality rates across different species. By plotting age-specific mortality on a logarithmic scale against age (figure 1), he showed that a linear increase was generally observed, in accordance with the logarithmic version of equation (1.1), i.e.   

"Thomas B. L. Kirkwood, Decipherng death: a commentary on Gompertz (1825) 'On the nature of the function express of the law of human mortality and on a new mode of determining the value of life contingencies"). (http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/370/1666/20140379,  accessed 01-2017

Concerns modernization and development of scientific health services in Kenya, Uganda, and Tanganyika (now Tanzania) during the first half of the twentieth century.

Addresses the goal of "the provision of adequate health care for every citizen."

Detailed study, organized by specialty, of the vital role that German universities played in the invention and promotion of medical specialties.

A particularly valuable collection of reviews ot his work published in Current Anthropology, I5 (1974) 495-507 is available from JSTOR at this link.

Revised edition, 1990.

Second edition with a new foreword by Margaret Farley and essays by Albert R. Jonsen and William F. May, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002.

This 35-cent, 136-page book organized in 1969 by Nancy Miriam Hawley at Boston's Emmanuel College, was written by twelve Boston feminist activists. It eventually sold 250,000 copies in New England without any formal advertising, and evolved into a book entitled Our Bodies, Ourselves.

Greek text with facing French translation and commentary of a group of treatises from the Hippocratic Collection about generation or considered to be about it: On generation, and On the nature of the child, both dated to 430-420 BCE, On diseases IV (loosely connected to the former two and generation), of mid 4th century BCE, and On the eight-month infant, of the early 4th century BCE.

Order of authorship in the original paper was Western, Benson, Gleason. First report of babesiosis in a non-immuncompromised patient, confirming the potential wide spread of this tick-transmitted illness. 

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)

An elegantly published and illustrated monograph with extensive historical material.

"The definitive text of the emerging field of computerized electrocardiography" (W. Bruce Fye).

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

(Order of authorship in the original publication: Dane, Cameron, Briggs.) The authors showed that the "Australian antigen" was a virus causing hepatitis B.
(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)

(Order of authorship in the original publication: Sherlock, Niazi, Fox...). The authors demonstrated that the hepatitis B virus can cause cancer.
(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)

 Purification of the Australia antigen and investigation of its physical properties. (Order of authorship in the original publication: Millman, Loeb, Bayer, Blumberg.)

The history of the coronary artery bypass technique by the inventor of the procedure.

"Lambert acquired a number of significant herbarium collections including those of Johann Reinhold Forster, Archibald Menzies and Henry de Ponthieu.^[2] He also amassed a large collection of specimens and drawings from Australia in the era immediately following the arrival of the First Fleet. Contributors included Governor Arthur Phillip, Surgeon-General John White, Colonel William Paterson, Major Robert Ross, Major Francis Grose and Philip Gidley King.^[3]

"Lambert's collection of 50,000 preserved plant specimens,^[1] along with his extensive library, was consulted by authors and botanists including Robert Brown, De Candolle, Martius, George Don and David Don.^[1] It was auctioned following his death in 317 lots and specimens can be found in botanical collections around the world" (Wikipedia article on Alymer Bourke Lambert, accessed 7-2021).

Digital facsimile from jstor at this link.

Keeling developed the first instrument that could measure carbon dioxide in atmospheric samples with consistently reliable accuracy, and in 1958 began collecting carbon dioxide samples from a base he established at Mauna Loa, Hawaii, two miles (3000 m) above sea level. From this data he established what became known as the Keeling Curve, a graph of the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere. In this transcription of Keeling's text from a symposium on atmospheric polution in April 25, 1969 Keeling presented irrefutable observational data documenting the progressive rise of CO2 in Earth's atmosphere from the mid-1800s to 1970. The first publication of the Keeling Curve appears on p. 14, figure 7. 

Keeling began his paper as follows: "I originally proposed as the title of this talk: 'If carbon dioxide from fossil fuels is changing man's environment, what will we do about it?' It was my meaning to inquire into what might be the response of scientists, philosophers, and decision-makers if specialists assert that accelerated use of fossil fuels may be harmful. I was requested to modify the title to read 'Is Co2 from fossil fuel changing man's environment?' either because a shorter title might suggest a shorter more acceptable talk, or because I obviously cannot answer the first question. I cannot answer the second question either; but I will not give you my views on both questions." He ended his paper with, "If the human race survives into the twenty-first century with the vast population increase that now seems inevitable, the people living then, along with their other troubles, may also face the threat of climatic change brought about by an uncontrolled increase in atmospheric CO2 from fossil fuels."
Digital facsimile from nsdl.library.cornell.edu at this link.

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)

This was the first paper to describe cdc mutants. The authors also coined the term 'execution point' — the stage in the cell cycle when the gene function is required. In this paper, three cdc genes were described, which paved the way for the identification of many more such genes, and for the discovery of the molecules and mechanisms controlling the cell

Order of authorship in the original publication: Hartwell, Culotti, Reid. Digital facsimile from PubMedCentral at this link .

For his discovery of reverse transcriptase, in 1975 Temin shared the 1975 Nobel Prize with Renato Dulbecco and David Baltimore.

While studying the Rous sarcoma virus Temin began to refer to the genetic material that the virus introduced to the cells, the "provirus". Using the antibiotic, actinomycin D, which inhibits the expression of DNA, he determined that the provirus was DNA or was located on the cell's DNA. These results implied that the infecting Rous sarcoma virus was somehow generating complementary double-stranded DNA. Temin's description of how tumor viruses act on the genetic material of the cell through reverse transcription was revolutionary. This upset the widely held belief at the time of a popularized version of the "Central Dogma" of molecular biology posited by Nobel laureate Francis Crick, one of the co-discoverers of the structure of DNA, with James Watson and Rosalind Franklin. Crick claimed only that sequence information cannot flow out of protein into DNA or RNA, but he was commonly interpreted as saying that information flows exclusively from DNA to RNA to protein. Many highly respected scientists disregarded Temin's work and declared it impossible. Despite the lack of support from the scientific community, Temin continued to search for evidence to support his idea. In 1969, Temin and a postdoctoral fellow, Satoshi Mizutani, began searching for the enzyme that was responsible for the phenomenon of viral RNA being transferred into proviral DNA. Later that year, Temin showed that certain tumor viruses carried the enzymatic ability to reverse the flow of information from RNA back to DNA using reverse transcriptase.

With pages measuring 731 x 536 mm., this is the largest anatomical atlas ever published with plastic overlays. The covers include metal grommets so that the book could be hung on the wall. The work was undated, but is estimated to have been published around 1970.

Warkany's contributions span all aspects of teratology, both clinical and experimental. This has been called his magnum opus. It includes 124 chapters, each with detailed bibliography, on a total of 1271 pages.

Following Hadlow's suggestion (1959), Gadjusek was able to transmit Kuru and Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease to primates through cerebral inoculations. Similarity in the clinical course of the diseases and in the cellular pathology of brain material suggested similar causative agents.

Gajdusek shared the Nobel Prize with Baruch S. Blumberg in 1976 for his work on infectious diseases.

A highly detailed, very technical, but well-documented study.

Translated into English by Robert Ellrich as The life sciences in eighteenth-century French thought, edited by Keith R. Benson, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998.

A systematic account of international health work from its beginnings to modern times. First published 1952.

Fontan procedure. “Anastomosis between the divided superior vena cava and the right pulmonary artery, anastomosis of the right atrium to the pulmonary artery, and insertion of a homograft valve in the ostium of the inferior vena cava” (Callahan, McGoon & Key, Classics of Cardiology).

A superbly produced and illustrated work, with tipped-in color plates. English translation, Bern: H. Huber, 1984.

A scholarly, detailed work. Part 1 is an adapted translation of E. Desnos: Histoire de l’urologie, in Encyclopédie française d’urologie, eds. A. Pousson & E. Desnos, 1914, 1, 1-294.

Total knee replacement (replacing diseased articular surfaces of both femur and tibia), holding the metal and plastic components in place with acrylic cement.

See also No. 6448

Extracted from A world bibliography of bibliographies (4th ed., 1965-66)

Supplements Nos. 6783 and 6786.12. Records 27 15th century imprints and 272 16th century imprints acquired by the library since publication of those two catalogues.

Second edition with E. Scrasia, 1981.

A history of homeopathy in America, including its demise during the early to mid-20th century.

Nathans showed that the restriction enzyme discovered by Hamilton Smith cleaved SV40 DNA into 11 specific pieces. Nathans and his student Kathleen Danna wrote:

"The availability of pieces of SV40 DNA from specific sites in the molecule should be helpful for the analysis of the function of the SV40 genome. For example, when the order of fragments in the genome is known, it should be possible to map “early” and “late” genes and those genes that function in all transformed cells. It may also be possible to localize specific genes by testing for biological activity, e.g., T-antigen production or abortive transformation. If specific deletion mutants become available, the analysis of restriction enzyme digests may . . . [allow] mapping of such mutants. Comparison of restriction endonuclease digests by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis has also provided a new method for detecting differences in DNA . . . It should [also] be possible to . . . obtain quite small, specific fragments useful for the determination of nucleotide sequence.” Quoted by Daniel Dimaio, "Daniel Nathans 1928-1999," Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences 79 (2001) 7.

Nathans shared the 1978 Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology with Hamilton Smith and Werner Arber for the discovery of restriction enzymes.

"This is an exceptionally systematic, beautifully produced atlas of the mouse central nervous system in the three standard planes, with alternating cell-stained (Nissl method with cresyl violet) sections and myelin-stained (Loyez method) sections. It is almost certainly the most comprehensive atlas of any species up to the time of its publication.. Cell groups, fiber tracts, and other features are not outlined—instead, they are identified by lines with one end in roughly the center of the structure and the other end outside the tissue and associated with an abbreviation for the structure" (Larry W. Swanson).

Hogan and Alvarado's work was the first book on histology of the eye to include electron microscopy. It also reproduced spectacular three-dimensional representations of ocular ultrastructures by Joan Esperson Weddell.

Elwood is often referred to as the "father of the health maintenance organization. He not only coined the term, he also played a role in bringing about structural changes to the American health care system to simultaneously control cost and promote health by replacing fee-for-service with prepaid, comprehensive care. With N. N. Anderson, J.E. Billings, R.J. Carlson, E.J. Hoagberg, and W. McClure.

First published in Archiv für pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für klinische Medizin 52 (1871 and 57 (1873).

Middle English text of Guy de Chauliac's surgery.

"Brenner and colleagues combined two relatively novel tools: a servo-null device for accurate measurment of capillary hydrostatic pressure... and a strain of specially selected rats with superficially located glomeruli, i.e. with overlying tubules. These two tools permitted direct measurment of the hydrostatic pressure within cannulated glomerular capillaries....

"These studies therefore radically redefined the process of glomerular filtration. Moreover, these technqiues could subsequently be applied to understand the mechanisms by which a host of mediators, disease states, and theapies modified glomerular filtration, transforming our understanding of both the process and the regulation of glomerular filtration" (Feehally et al, Landmark papers in nephrology [2013] 1.5., pp. 10-11). With J. L. Troy and T. M. Daugharty.

http://www.gutenberg.org/wiki/Main_Page

Project Gutenberg, a volunteer project founded in 1971 by Michael S. Hart, was the first digital library. 

Later leapfrogged by much better financed non-profit or government-sponsored or commercial digitization projects, in 2018 Project Gutenberg offered 56,000 free e-books. 

The history of this pioneering project is enumerated here:

http://www.gutenberg.org/wiki/Gutenberg:About

"Between 1932 and 1961 Serrano Vicéns systematically studied the sexuality of 1417 women who went through his surgery. With that data, he wrote a book entitled "Female sexuality. A statistical investigation " that remained unpublished for years due to the difficulties of publishing a book on that subject in Spain governed by General Franco. With the approval of the author, the book circulated  privately in different universities inside and outside the country.  Serrano Vicéns's data was highly praised by a better-known researcher of contemporary human sexual behavior: Alfred C. Kinsey" (Wikipedia article on Ramon Serrano Vicéns, accessed 6-2019).

"The Peyote religion is a medico-religious cult. In considering native American medicines, one must always bear in mind the difference between the aboriginal concept of a medicinal agent and that of our modern Western medicine. Primitive societies, in general, cannot conceive of natural death or illness but believe that they are due to supernatural interference. There are two types of "medicines": those with purely physical effects (i.e., to relieve toothache or digestive upsets); and the medicines, "par excellence", that put the medicine man into communication, through a variety of hallucinations, with the malevolent spirits that cause illness and death" (Schultes & Hofman [1992] https://www.peyote.org/, accessed 6-2019)

A study of the trends in black enrollments in the nation’s medical schools, and various public and higher education factors that limited the supply of black physicians in America through the 1960s.

The Baltimore classification of virus groups places viruses into one of seven groups depending on a combination of their nucleic acid (DNA or RNA), strandedness (single-stranded or double-stranded), sense, and method of replication.

• 1.1Group I: Double-stranded DNA viruses
• 1.2Group II: Single-stranded DNA viruses
• 1.3Group III: Double-stranded RNA viruses
• 1.4Group IV & V: Single-stranded RNA viruses
  • 1.4.1Group IV: Single-stranded RNA viruses - Positive-sense
  • 1.4.2Group V: Single-stranded RNA viruses - Negative-sense
• 1.5Group VI: Positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses that replicate through a DNA intermediate
• 1.6Group VII: Double-stranded DNA viruses that replicate through a single-stranded RNA intermediate

Digital facsimile from PubMedCentral at this link.

In this single author paper Boyer isolated, characterized and named the enzyme that Arber No. 12028 had observed and described in terms of its basic action on DNA. Boyer called it the “fi R-factor restriction endonuclease,” later to become EcoR1. He wrote, “The various restriction endonucleases with exclusive recognition capacities offer a unique probe for dissecting small genomes such as gamma, fd, polyoma and SV40. This work is now being undertaken in several labs, including the author’s."

Digital facsimile from annualreviews.org at this link.

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)

Concerns the influence of Alexander von Humboldt on early California physicians. Library Associates of the University Library, Davis, Keepsake No. 4.

Part 1: over 6000 journal articles, books and book chapters from 1820 to 1966. Part 2: author listing of books, theses, dissertation, and phonodiscs from 1816 to 1968. Part 3: subject index to journal articles.

Perlmann (principal investigator) and Engvall conceptualized and developed the very commonly used enzyme-lined immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that uses antibodies to detect proteins and other different immunogens. The assay uses a solid-phase enzyme immunoassay (EIA) to detect the presence of a ligand (commonly a protein) in a liquid sample using antibodies directed against the protein to be measured. 

Edition of a mid-15th century Middle English compilation of medicinal recipes, a manuscript that records how such recipes were passed on through several centuries.

Folkman reported that solid tumors are angiogenesis-dependent. He hypothesized that there was an unknown "factor" that tumors secreted to help increase their blood supply, and that if that factor could be blocked, tumors would wither and die. 

Isolation of the first angiogenic tumor factor. Digital text from PubMedCentral at this link.

Foege showed that "ring containment", selective vaccination of those at greatest risk, in closest proximity to an outbreak, was more effective in eradicating smallpox than mass vaccination.

In 1982 Vane shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Sune Bergström and Bengt Samuelsson for "their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances."

In this paper Knudson first described his  "two-hit hypothesis," also known as the "Knudson hypothesis," which explains the incidence of hereditary cancers, such as retinoblastoma. 

"Humans inherit two copies of every gene, one from each parent (except for genes on the X and Y chromosomes in males). Some people inherit one mutated version and one normal version of the retinoblastoma gene, which produces the retinoblastoma protein involved in controlling cell cycle progression. The inherited mutation is "the first hit." Over time, a mutation may arise in the normal version in one cell, thus producing "the second hit," which leaves the cell unable to control the process of cell division in an orderly manner, leading to cancer.

"Knudson's insight was to compare the incidence of retinoblastomas, including the number of tumors, the ages of occurrence, and whether tumors occurred in both eyes, among children in families with and without hereditary predisposition to retinoblastomas. Children in families with a hereditary predisposition have more tumors at a younger age and usually have tumors in both eyes. Children in families without the hereditary predisposition usually have only one tumor at a later age.

"The differences in occurrence can be explained by the rate of gene mutation during cell division (a somatic mutation), and a model that requires only one somatic mutation per tumor in hereditary cases but requires two somatic mutations, one on each copy of a particular cell cycle control gene, in one cell lineage in non-hereditary cases, i.e. the co-occurrence of two rare events. Knudson subsequently showed that the model was not only applicable to retinoblastoma but also to Wilms' tumors of the kidney. These studies led to the concept of tumor suppressor genes, which Knudson called "anti-oncogenes." (Wikipedia article on Alfred G. Knudson, accessed 7-22).

Edmonds discovered the poly-A tails on eukaryotic mRNA. The addition of a poly(A) tail to an RNA transcript, typically a messenger RNA (mRNA), is called polyadenylation.

Poly(A)polymerase was first identified in 1960 as an enzymatic activity in extracts made from cell nuclei that could polymerise ATP, but not ADP, into polyadenine. Although identified in many types of cells, this activity had no known function until 1971, when Edmonds found poly(A) sequences in mRNAs. The only function of these sequences was thought at first to be protection of the 3′ end of the RNA from nucleases, but later the specific roles of polyadenylation in nuclear export and translation were identified. The polymerases responsible for polyadenylation were first purified and characterized in the 1960s and 1970s, but the large number of accessory proteins that control this process were discovered only in the early 1990s. Digital facsimile from PubMedCentral at this link.

A notorious anatomy textbook that was pulled from the market by the publisher due to protest over its use of Playboy magazine type models to illustrate female external anatomy, as well as its sexist language. Preface: "Perhaps we should have included photographs of garden-variety, American males and females who have let their physiques go to pot. Instead, we used female models as model females. The student will see the ordinary specimen every day. Only on rare occasions will the attractive, well-turned specimen appear before him for consultation. He should be prepared for this pleasant shock. For the growing ranks of female medics, we included the body beautiful of a robust, healthy male. We are sorry that we cannot make available the addresses of the young ladies who grace our pages. Our wives burned our little address books at our last barbecue get-together" (p. vii). Rosalind A. Coleman & James Rolleston, "Anatomy Lessons: The Destiny of a Textbook, 1971-72", South Atlantic Quarterly,  90, (1991), 153-73. Edward C. Halperin, "The Pornographic Anatomy Book? The Curious Tale of 'The Anatomical Basis of Medical Practice'," (published in Duke Medicine). 

Forms vols. 30-34 of Comprehensive biochemistry, edited by M. Florkin and E. H. Stotz.

A definitive history of the development of knowledge on muscle biochemistry; valuable bibliography.

The only large systematic compilation of medical knowledge prepared in the Thirteen Colonies before the American revolution. The manuscript, which Mather finished in 1724, remained unpublished in the American Antiquarian Society until the above edition.

The capacity to mount certain immune responses is genetically determined. Benacerraf shared the 1980 Nobel Prize with J. Dausset and G. D. Snell.

Index-Catalogue of Medical and Veterinary Zoology, Special Publication No. 2.

The first description of the use of a musculocutaneous flap in reconstructive surgery. The resulting penis was fully-functional.

Describes 2685 items with full title transcriptions, paginations, and some annotations.

First recombinant DNA molecules generated. Digital facsimile from PubMedCentral at this link.

"There have been many descriptions of the palmar fascia by anatomists and in papers dealing with the surgical treatment of Dupuytren's contracture, but what seems to be lacking is an overall view of the problem, based on an anatomical study with a strong surgical viewpoint, which reproduces all the known observations and the explains the rleationships of the various structures to each other" (first paragraph of the Preface by the author.).   Appendix I, pp. 107-224, includes the text, in English translation where necessary, of previous classics on Dupuytren's contracture, beginning in the 18th century. There is also a comprehensive historical bibliography.`

The theory of punctuated equilibrium or punctuated equilibria in evolution. This theory argues that once species appeared in the the fossil record they became stable, showing little net evolutionary change for most of their geological history. This state they called stasis. When significant evolutionary change occurred, the theory states that it is generally restricted to rare and geologically rapid events of branching speciation called cladogenesis. Cladogenesis is the process by which a species splits into two distinct species, rather than one species gradually transforming into another. Eldredge and Gould argued that the degree of gradualism in evolution commonly attributed to Darwin is virtually nonexistent in the fossil record, and that stasis dominates the history of most fossil species. In 2016 the paper and Eldredge and Gould was available from blackwellpublishing.com at this link.

http://stephanus.tlg.uci.edu/tlg.php

"The Thesaurus Linguae Graecae (TLG®) is a Special Research Program at the University of California, Irvine. Founded in 1972 the TLG® represents the first effort in the Humanities to produce a large digital corpus of literary texts. Since its inception the project has collected and digitized most texts written in Greek from Homer (8 c. B.C.) to the fall of Byzantium in AD 1453. Its goal is to create a comprehensive digital library of Greek literature from antiquity to the present era. TLG research activities combine the traditional methodologies of philological and literary study with the most advanced features of information technology....

"In spring 2001 the TLG-team developed its own search engine and made the corpus available online. Today the Online TLG contains more than 110 million words from over 10,000 works associated with 4,000 authors and is constantly updated and improved with new features and texts. The full corpus is available to more than 2,000 subscribing institutions and thousands of individuals in 58 countries worldwide. As of 2004, the project has been focusing its resources on web dissemination and is no longer licensing the corpus in CD ROM format.

"A subcorpus (Abridged TLG®) together with the extensive bibliographical database developed by the TLG (Canon of Greek Authors and Works) is open to the public. The Abridged version contains close to 1,000 works from 70 authors and uses the same search engine as the full Online TLG version. It provides access to the most important classical authors and a large number of patristic texts.

"As part of its efforts to lemmatize the Greek corpus, the TLG has digitized and made available a number of lexica, most notably the Liddell-Scott-Jones Greek-English lexicon, Cunliffe's Lexicon of Homeric Greek, Powell's Lexicon of Herodotus and more recently the Lexikon zur byzantinischen Gräzität(LBG)."

Traces the development of Western medicine in China from 1805 to the creation of the Peking Union Medical College.

Tiwanaku (Tiahuanaco or Tiahuanacu) is a Pre-Columbian archaeological site in western Bolivia. The first reference to the site in modern history was recorded by Spanish conquistador Pedro Cieza de León, who came upon the remains of Tiwanaku in 1549 while searching for the Inca capital in Qullasuyu.^[1]The name by which Tiwanaku was known to its inhabitants may have been lost as they had no written language.^[2][3] The ancient inhabitants of Tiwanaku are believed to have spoken the Puquina language.^{[4] (Wikipedia)}

Includes Caulfield's "A history of the terrible epidemic, vulgarly called the throat distemper, as it occurred in His Majesty's New England colonies between 1735 and 1740," Yale J Biol Med. 11 (1939) 219–272. available from PubMedCentral at this link.

Revised, expanded, and updated edition, La Grande, OR: E-Cat Worlds, 2014.

Chapter 5: "Computers and mapping in medical geography" by R. W. Armstrong appears to be one of the earliest reviews of this subject.

Order of authorship in the original publication: Mertz, Davis. Mertz discovered that DNA ends generated by cutting with the EcoRI restriction enzyme are “sticky”, permitting any two such DNAs to be readily “recombined”. Using this discovery, in June 1972 "she easily created the first recombinant DNA that could have been cloned in bacteria. Her success with this project contributed to her thesis adviser, Paul Berg, receiving the 1980 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.^[16] However, Mertz did not proceed with this cloning because of the moratorium in place at that time, leaving it for Herbert Boyer, Stanley N. Cohen and their colleagues to prove in 1973 that recombinant DNAs made by this method can actually self-replicate in bacteria.^[17] (Wikipedia article on Janet E. Mertz, accessed 3-2020). Digital facsimile from PubMedCentral at this link.

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)

Only a very small number of copies of this thesis appear to have been issued.

Translated into English by Hilary Davies as Experiments on myself. Memoirs of a surgeon in Germany (London: St. Martin's Press, 1974).

Concerns zoology, botany, mineralogy, alchemy, astrology, magic, agriculture, the largest section being devoted to alchemy.

Prepared for the opening in June 1971 of the Naito Museum of Pharmaceutical Science and Industry in Japan, and emphasizing that museum and museums in the Middle East.

A revised and expanded translation of Geschichte der Physiologie, Berlin, 1953.

Includes a valuable bibliography. First published in German, Stuttgart, 1970.

Epstein-Barr virus as a cause of Burkitt’s lymphoma. With D. DeChairo and G. Miller.

"Probably the first successful saphenous bypass graft was by Edward Garrett (1964), whilst he was working with DeBakey. He performed the bypass graft in order to wean a patient from cardiopulmonary bypass, and the long-term result of the procedure was not reported until 10 years later [this article]." (Westaby and Bosher, 196). See No. 3047.21

Computer-assisted tomography (CAT), or computed tomography (CT). Hounsfield received a Nobel Prize in medicine in 1979 for his work. He was the first engineer to receive a Nobel prize in that category.

Lauterbur proposed a workable method for using nuclear magnetic resonance to produce images of tissues.

Covers monographs and periodical literature.

With A. Richardson and N. Mitchell-Heggs.

Human diploid cell vaccine. With S. A. Plotkin and D. W. Grella. See also Develop, biol. Standard., 1978, 40, 3-9.

Successful direct flap transfer by vascular anastomosis. See also Austr. N. Z. J. Surg., 1973, 43, 1-3.

Includes 384 core references and bibliography (without abstracts) covering 1963-72.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

French translation, 1976.

The origins, policy and program of the (British) Medical Research Council.

Superbly designed and illustrated with color plates. Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse, Supplement zum Jahrgang 1973.

"The idea of recombinant DNA was first proposed by Peter Lobban, a graduate student of Prof. Dale Kaiser in the Biochemistry Department at Stanford University Medical School" (Wikipedia article recombinant DNA, accessed 3-2020).

Cohen, Boyer and associates developed the first practical method for cloning genes, by the formation of recombinant plasmids which can be used to infect plasmid-free bacteria. The authors demonstrated that if DNA is fragmented with restriction endonucleases and combined with similarly restricted plasmid DNA, the resulting recombinant DNA molecules are biologically active and can replicate in host bacterial cells. Plasmids can thus act as vectors for the propagation of foreign cloned genes. This paper is available from the PNAS at this link.

The method that Cohen and Boyer invented eventually resulted in U.S. patent No. 4,237,224 granted to Cohen and Boyer on December 2, 1980. This patent, "Process for producing biologically functional molecular chimeras," was the foundation of the biotechnology industry. 

Cohen published a semi-popular account of this research as "The manipulation of genes," Scientific American, 233 (1975) 24-33.

The history of homeopathic medicine in America, covering the difficulties within the homeopathic ranks and teachings.

Digital facsimile from http://biotech.law.lsu.edu/ at this link.

Over 9000 entries.

Third expanded edition (1999). "Supporting the theory that Americans' attitudes toward drugs have followed a cyclic pattern of tolerance and restraint, author David F. Musto examines the relations between public outcry and the creation of prohibitive drug laws from the end of the Civil War up to the present. Originally published in 1973, and then in an expanded edition in 1987, this third edition contains a new chapter and preface that both address the renewed debate on policy and drug legislation from the end of the Reagan administration to the current Clinton administration. Here, Musto thoroughly investigates how our nation has dealt with such issues as the controversies over prevention programs and mandatory minimum sentencing, the catastrophe of the crack epidemic, the fear of a heroin revival, and the continued debate over the legalization of marijuana" (publisher).

Revised editions, 1976 and 1991. "It recounts the life histories of those who had been victims of the 1920s encephalitis lethargica epidemic.^[2] Sacks chronicles his efforts in the late 1960s to help these patients at the Beth Abraham Hospital (now Beth Abraham Health Services) in the Bronx, New York. The treatment used the then-new drug L-DOPA.

"In 1982, Dr. Sacks wrote:

"I have become much more optimistic than I was when I […] wrote Awakenings, for there has been a significant number of patients who, following the vicissitudes of their first years on L-DOPA, came to do – and still do – extremely well. Such patients have undergone an enduring awakening, and enjoy possibilities of life which had been impossible, unthinkable, before the coming of L-DOPA.^[3]

"The book inspired the 1982 play A Kind of Alaska by Harold Pinter, performed as part of a trilogy of Pinter's plays titled Other Places, and a documentary television episode, the pilot of the British television programme Discovery. It was also made into a 1990 Oscar-nominated film, Awakenings starring Robert De Niro and Robin Williams" (Wikipedia)

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Includes Harner's "The Role of Hallucinogenic Plants in European Witchcraft".

5178 field notes of health and medical interest from specimens in Harvard University herbaria.

Order of authorship in the original publication: Steinman, Cohn. In this paper Steinman announced his discovery of the dendritic cell. For the discovery of this cell and its role in adaptive immunity Steinman shared the Nobel Prize in 2011. Digital facsimile from PubMedCentral at this link.

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)

Translated into English by Ronald J. Furlong and Paul Maquet as Biomechanics of the normal and diseased hip. Theoretical foundation, technique and results of treatment: An atlas. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1976.

Identification of the Hepatitis A virus.

Order of authorship in the original publication: Rosenberg, Seeman,...Rich. This paper was the first confirmation of the double-helix structure at atomic resolution.
See also:
Roberta Ogilvie Day, Nadrian C. Seeman,... Alexander Rich, "A crystalline fragment of the double helix: The structure of the dinucleoside phosphate guanylyl-3'5'-cytidine," Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 70, 849-853. Digital facsimile from PubMedCentral at this link.

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)

Lacy and colleagues showed that transplanation of murine pancreatic islet tissue into the portal vein of diabetic rats of the same inbred strain normalized the sugar levels and urine output of the rats that received the islet transplants. This was the proof of concept paper for islet transplantation in humans.

(Thanks to Juan Weiss for this reference and its interpretation.)

An annotated bibliography of the literature documenting the history of this controversy together with reproductions of the texts of the crucial papers. See Nos. 1254-1259.

14 classic contributions to embryology (in English translations where appropriate) with historical commentaries.

Reprinted from Clio Medica, Vol. 9, 1974.

Thirteen contributions edited by Boroviczény, H. Schipperges, and E. Seidler. Includes chronological table of events in the history of medicine and a bibliography.

Idiotype networks. Jerne shared the 1984 Nobel Prize with Milstein and Köhler for his theoretical contributions to our concept of the immune system.

This is in effect a history of institutional psychiatry in Britain to time of writing.

Over 2,000 references to original works. Chronological arrangement. Author, geographic and other indexes. With F. Baro and N. C. Myrianthopoulos.

Over 4,000 annotated citations of works dealing with all aspects of the history of medicine and biology, including a section on individual and collected biographies.

French translation, 1978.

With Z. Ohya.

A well-documented history of molecular biology.

Ledley and team developed the developed the ACTA 0100 CT Scanner (Automatic Computerized Traverse Axial)— the first whole-body computed tomography scanner. With G. Di Chiro, A. J. Luessenhop, and H.L. Twigg. For further information see the entry in HistoryofInformation.com at this link.

The first paper on the anti-depressant fluoxetine, marketed under the trade name Prozac. With Jong S. Horng, Frank P. Bymaster, Kenneth. L. Hauser, and Bryan B. Molloy. doi:10.1016/0024-3205(74)90345-2. PMID 4549929

Chlorpromazine (CPZ) was the first drug in Western medicine found to have specific psychotropic effects agains a range of mental disease symtomatologies, particularly those associated with schizophrenia. It was marketed in the United States as Thorazine, beginning in 1954.

Zinkernagel and Doherty received the 1996 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovering how a class of white blood cells known as T cells kill virus-infected cells in the body and so present the spread of viruses. 

In 1968 Bird founded and directed the first "telemedicine" system, which linked a medical station at Boston's Logan Airport with doctors at Massachusetts General Hospital, who supplied remote diagnosis, treatment and medical image transmission.

Rowland and his post-doctoral student, Molina, suggested that long-lived organic halogen compounds, such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), could reach the stratosphere where they would be dissociated by UV light, releasing chlorine atoms, and depleting the ozone layer.

This is the first comprehensive book on the subject. The authors describe in detail, with numerous references, the limited hospital computer systems in operation at the time both in the United States and in Europe. The editor, who was responsible for the development of the most advanced system at the Kaiser Permanente Medical Group, and provides a detailed account of it here, began his preface with this statement: "A variety of computer applications in medical care has been developed within many hospitals in the U.S. and Europe over the past ten years. In the first half of 1973, there was not yet in existence a single completely computerized hospital information system, although considerable progress had been achieved in utlizing the computer for many inpatient and out patient services."

Sir William Osler wrote to S. Weir Mitchell in 1908, "I buy a few good things now and again. I had a find last week, 140 original letters to Baglivi, 17th century ‑ from Redi, Malpighi, Pitcairn, Bellini, and the famous old anatomists and physicians of the day. B's answers are with them." 

The first study of Medicaid.  Revised edition, 2003.

In addition to a frequently original study of the development of Darwin's psychological theories, the authors publish for the first time two extremely significant manuscript notebooks by Darwin written in 1837. These notebooks, which the authors supplement with notes and commentary, provide the earliest available insight into the origins of Darwin's views on human and comparative psychology. Some of the ideas they record were later developed in The descent of man and The expression of emotions in man and animals. Also the notebooks prove something that Darwin never publically admitted: the belief that man and the great apes descended from a common ancestor was the core of his theory of human evolution as early as 1837. Furthermore, the notebooks show that Darwin recognized the relationship between animal and human sexual behavior during the height of Victorian prudery. No wonder he never developed in print such theories as "Our descent, then is the origin of our evil passions!!− The Devil under form of Baboon is our grandfather!" (M. Notebook, p. 123).

MEDIPHOR System (Monitoring and Evaluation of Drug Interactions by a Pharmacy-Oriented Reporting System) developed by Cohen, Shortliffe and colleagues at Stanford University Medical School, published as a chapter in the book, Drug interactions (1974). With 12 co-authors.

Brenner established  "Caenorhabditis elegans as a model organism for the investigation of animal development including neural development. Brenner chose this 1-millimeter-long soil roundworm mainly because it is simple, is easy to grow in bulk populations, and turned out to be quite convenient for genetic analysis. One of the key methods for identifying important function genes was the screen for roundworms that had some functional defect, such as being uncoordinated, leading to the identification of new sets of proteins, such as the set of UNC proteins. For this work, he shared the 2002 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with H. Robert Horvitz and John Sulston. The title of his Nobel lecture on December 2002, "Nature's Gift to Science," is a homage to this modest nematode; in it, he considered that having chosen the right organism turned out to be as important as having addressed the right problems to work on" (Wikipedia article on Sydney Brenner, accessed 03-2018). Digital facsimile from PubMedCentral at this link.

Digital facsimile from PubMedCentral at this link.

Creation of the first transgenic organism: expression of Staphylococcus aureus genes in Escherichia coli. Digital facsimile from pnas.org at this link.

http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/"

"Search over 12000 letters and articles..."

Edition and commented translation (German) of 17 Hittite texts, with an introduction.

Confirmation of the success of methods outlined in No. 257.5.
Abstract:
"Genes carried by EcoRI endonuclease-generated fragments of Staphylococcus plasmid DNA have been covalently joined to the E. coli antibiotic-resistance plasmid pSC101, and the resulting hybrid molecules have been introduced into E. coli by transformation. The newly constructed plasmids replicate as biologically functional units in E. coli, and express genetic information carried by both of the parent DNA molecules. In addition, electron microscope heteroduplex analysis of the recombinant plasmids indicate that they contain DNA sequences derived from E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Recombinant molecules can transform other E. coli cells for penicillin-resistance markers originally carried by the staphylococcal plasmid, and can be transferred among E. coli strains by conjugally proficient transfer plasmids."  Digital facsimile from PubMedCentral at this link.

Morris underwent male to female sex change surgery by Georges Burou in Casablanca during the 1960s. As a much-published writer, her book was one of the first to draw wide attention to the phenomenon. New edition, with a new introduction by the author, New York: New York Review of Books, 2002.

Order of authorship in the original publication: Noe, Birdsell, Laub.

A symposium held at the Stanford University School of Medicine, February 2-4, 1973. It is probable that this is the first separate publication on the medical and surgical aspects of transsexuality -- male to female and female to male -- published by a medical school department. "The purpose of the meeting was to provide a forum for the exchange of scientific information about the patient who desires and is considered for gender re-identification.

"The symposium was sponsored by the Divisions of Urology and Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery at the Stanford School of Medicine. Its principal architect and chairman was Donald R. Laub, M.D., Chief of the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. [My understanding in writing this entry in 12-2019 was that the proceedings of the first symposium may not have been published.]

"Participants and contributors included 105 representatives of the major teams and private practitioners concerned with the diagnosis, evalutaion, and social adjustment of the gender dysphoric patient. The group included psychiatrists, surgeons, obstetricians and gynecologists, attorneys, psychologists, sociologists, and experts in epidemiologic and health services research. In addition to the United States, numerous representatives from Canada, Mexico, England, Morocco and Australia were present."

Among the pioneering discussions published in this symposium report was the first ever presentation by Georges Burou on the modern form of penile inversion MtF sex reassignment surgery that he originated during the1950s. Because Burou never published his techique except in this 1973 presentation, most of what is known about it historically comes from second-hand accounts of surgeons who observed him operating, or from surgeons who examinated Burou's patients and reverse-engineered the operation. The Wikipedia article on Burou, to which I have linked, is particularly informative about his work.

 "Following below is a paper presented by Dr. Georges Burou at the Second Interdisciplinary Symposium on Gender Dysphoria Syndrome. The symposium was held at the Stanford University School of Medicine in February 1973. This was the first time that Dr. Burou had publicly presented the details of his pioneering technique for MtF sex reassignment surgery. He had invented this technique 17 years earlier in 1956, and had continued to refine and improve it since then. By the time of this symposium, Dr. Burou had performed over 3000 such MtF SRS procedures at his "Clinique du Parc", located at 13 Rue La Pebie in Casablanca, Morocco. By then Dr. Burou's surgical technique had been "reverse engineered" and adopted by many other surgeons throughout the world who had seen the many results of his work. Dr. Burou's remarks were translated and appeared on pages 188-194 of the symposium proceedings. That translation and the surgical drawings Dr. Burou used in his presentation are reprinted below." (https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/TS/SRS.html#anchor41859).

A spectacular oversize atlas reproducing 121 photographs of erythrocytes as visualized with a scanning electron microscope. The first edition was published in English, followed by an edition in French in 1976.

Two-dimensional (cross-sectional) echocardiography. 

Includes chapters on the heart transplantation moratorium and the artificial heart.