Includes a series of 12 "cinematographic" films on 480 flicker cards. In all the photographs frontal nudity of the female model is covered by clothing, though her buttocks are exposed in some views.

Having previously published a trilogy, Ideal marriage,  Sex hostility in marriage, and Fertility in marriage, Van de Velde explained in his preface that "the work to which [his] life is dedicated" was "the spread of knowledge and insight into the sphere of conjugal relationships and the increase of human happiness thereby." Through Sex efficiency Van de Velde intended to teach women a complete system of pelvic gymnastics that would assist them to take "appropriately active participation in the act of sexual congress and appropriate voluntary muscular action which assists the act of birth." When I checked in 2021 I found no record that this book was published in the United States.

Digital facsimile from wellcomecollection.org at this link.

Newnham argued that argued that apparitional experiences, dreams and spiritual visions had a physiological rather than a supernatural basis. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

First edition in latin, translated by Mathisius of Bruges from a manuscript of the Greek text that probably originated in the library of the Emperor Andronicus II Palaiologos or that of the ex-Patriarch Joseph. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Editio princeps of this physiological and physiological work in two books. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link. A Latin translation by Julius Alexandrinus was published in 1547.

Includes 56 nature-printed and handcolored plates produced from impressions of the wings of the actual insects pressed onto the paper. Digital facsimile from Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

Text by Robin, illustrations by Vallet. "The first important florilegium," (Blunt, The art of botanical illustration, 89-91). Digital facsimile from BnF Gallica at this link.

An enigmatically titled book of essays on women's rights by the American surgeon, abolitionist, prohibitionist, and prisoner of war, who remains the only woman to receive the Congressional Medal of Honor. Medical content in this collection primarily concerns the impact of the restrictive clothing of the time of women's health--a topic that Walker crusaded against by wearing clothing of her own design, or mens' clothing. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Wyman conducted experiments that convinced him that ragweed was a cause of hay fever. He then collected data from correspondents and published the first pollen maps of the U.S. so that sufferers could plan vacations in low pollen areas. The pollen maps cover the United States, New England States, and White Mountains and vicinity. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

The first Japanese exposition of the whole system of human anatomy, based on original observation. The work includes the records of three dissections performed in Kyoto in 1783, 1798, and 1802.

 “A Japanese treatise on anatomy and anatomical dissection in five volumes was published in 1813 by Shoshui or Boku or Koki Mitani (1774-1823) with the title Kaitai hatsumo. This was not the first original Japanese work on dissection, since priority in that respect had been established by the appearance in 1759 of the Zo-shi of Toyo Yamawaki. But that earlier work was short and its illustrative material limited to a few crude drawings of the viscera. Kaitai hatsumo appears, however, to be the first Japanese exposition on the whole system of human anatomy, based upon original observation (including dissection) and knowledge of other anatomical works. An inserted advertisement for this book [not present in this and many other copies] is translated to read as follows: ‘This book is Kaitai hatsumo, on some new Dutch theories and moreover some dissections of a real dead body to make it sure. And it has become clear that the Dutch theories are right and the traditional Japanese and Chinese theories which [have been] with us for 3000 years [are] quite wrong.’ (Somehow one gets here the impression of a persistent reluctance to relinquish the traditional anatomical beliefs in favor of the European knowledge which had come into Japan. After all, the gross inaccuracies of the traditional teachings had been firmly established by the work of Gempaku Sugita and his friends in the previous century)… “Scattered throughout the text of Kaitai hatsumo is a series of anatomical plates printed in color. These drawings were very well executed, and illustrate the following structures: thoracic and abdominal viscera, in situ; the lungs, with a careful dissection of the bronchial tree; the heart; the diaphragm; the spleen; the stomach; the liver and gall bladder; the kidneys, with their blood supply, and the ureters; the urogenital system, in male and female, with the plexus of veins draining testes and ovaries; the uterus, with Fallopian tubes and ovaries (the ovaries are shown as contained within the uterine tubes); the urinary bladder in the male, with testes and accessory organs of reproduction (seminal vesicles, prostate), and penis; the small and large intestines, with the vermiform appendix; the blood supply to the intestine through the mesentery; the pancreas; a schematic diagram of the lymphatics (called ‘water-ducts’) associated with the small intestine (the function of the lymphatics, it was be - lieved, was to control blood volume of the body); the general vascular system of the entire body; the system of spinal nerves; and, finally, the gross appear - ance of the brain… “The last volume of Kaitai hatsumo is in the form of an appendix, written by one of Mitani’s pupils named Konsei Minamoto. This work was of sufficient historical importance to be entirely reprinted in a facsimile edition as recently as 1930.”–Mestler, A Galaxy of Old Japanese Medical Books with Miscellaneous Notes on Early Medicine in Japan Part I. Medical History and Biography. General Works. Anatomy. Physiology and Pharmacology (1954) pp. 316-18 .

"Berry studies the economic history of slavery in the United States, examining how a price was assigned to the bodies of enslaved people in America from before they were born until after they died.^[5] Berry proposes four types of value that an enslaved person could hold: their assessed value, as determined by others for the purposes of accounting and sale; their market value, which was a function of local demand; their soul value, derived from inherent spiritual self-worth and reinforced by familial and communal connections; and their ghost value, evaluated by body brokers who engaged in the sale of human cadavers" (Wikipedia)

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Edition and translation of Jabir's The Book on Poisons and on the Repelling of their Harmful Effects (Kitāb al-Sumūm wa-dafʿ maḍārrihā, Kr. no. 2145).

History of the School of Nursing at the University of California San Franicsco.

Distinctively, Senn devoted his first chapter to the "Preparation of Operating Room in a Private House," suggesting that surgeons may have been frequently called upon to perform operations in homes when the book was published. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Now Drexel University College of Medicine. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Illustrated by Max Brödel. Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at this link.

Abernethy published the first classification of tumors based on pathologic anatomy. "Abernethy is best known for his lectures and writings on surgery and for the first attempt at classification of tumors, some of which he considered hereditary." "His classification divided tumors into several types of sarcomas, such as: common vascular, adipose, pancreatic, cystic, mammary, tuberculated, medullary, and carcinomatous, each illustrated by one or more of his 'cases.'

"ABERNETHY'S CLASSIFICATION

1. Common Vascular or Organized Sarcoma
2. Adipose Sarcoma
3. Pancreatic Sarcoma
4. Cystic Sarcoma
5. Mastoid or Mammary Sarcoma
6. Tuberculated Sarcoma
7. Medullary Sarcoma
8. Carcinomatous Sarcoma

"With his accurate observations, Abernethy provided much information concerning tumors upon which later scientists could build. However, almost 150 years later, with highly sophisticated equipment, we are still trying to solve the enigma of cancer" (Krush, Anne J., "The Classification of Tumors by John Abernethy Early in the Nineteenth Century," Transactions Nebraska Academy of Sciences and Affiliated Societies. [1980] 290).

Digital facsimile from wellcomecollection.org at this link.

Contains 30 chromolithographed plates of cross-sectional anatomy made from frozen sections, with accompanying uncolored outline plates and text, published in German, English and French. Digital facsimile from biusante.parisdescartes.fr at this link.

https://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~duchan/new_history/overview.html

"Organization of the website

"The website is divided into six historical periods:

• History of the ancients: 3000 BC to 500 AD
• Middle ages: 400 to 1500 AD
• Early modern period: 1500 to 1700 AD
• Enlightenment: 1700 to 1800 AD
• 19th century 1800 to 1900 AD
• 20th century 1900 to 2000 AD

"Each of these historical periods, in turn, has its own integral structure. Some are based on geography, some are based on chronology. There are four subdivisions that offer structure to the first four time periods, ancient times through the enlightenment. These divisions relate to how our predecessors:

1. rendered various medical conditions that are associated with communication;
2. portrayed communication, its functions and breakdowns;
3. regarded and treated people with disability (including communication disability); and
4. educated and rehabilitated those with communication disorders.

"These four subsections are used as a way of framing what was going on during the periods ranging from 3000 BC to 1800 AD that had a bearing on later speech-language pathology practices. These four domains (medicine, rhetoric, disability, and education/rehabilitation) offer us a ways to draw parallels across time using the distinctions available during these older periods. Each of these four domains are examined in its own right as well as for ideas that bear on what today would be considered to be within the scope of theory and practice in speech-language pathology.

"The history covered in these early time periods spans different areas of the world. For example, the ancient period is divided into Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, and Rome. Each of these regions of the world is examined for what was going on in the fields of medicine, rhetoric, disability, and education. The regions covered in medieval period were the Byzantine Empire and Europe. The early modern period and the enlightenment focus primarily on European history.

"The last two time periods (19th and 20th centuries) target American history. The focus in these centuries are various threads or historical roots that had the greatest influence on the evolution of speech pathology. For the 19th century, the section is structured chronologically beginning with a discussion of the Elocutionists, then the Scientists, and then to the rise of Professionalism.

"The 20th century section is again subdivided chronologically and has to do with American history. This period is divided into four historical subsections (1) Our Formative Years beginning just before 1900, when the first books and articles on communication disorders were published in the United States to the end of World War II in 1945, (2) The Processing Period from 1945 to 1965, during which time many therapy approaches were developed to improve internal psychological processing, (3) The Linguistic Era from 1965 to 1975 during which time we came to treat language disorders as separable from speech disorders and as being linguistic in nature, to (4) The Pragmatics Revolution from 1975 to 2000, when we reconsidered and reframed language in light of its communicative, linguistic, cultural, and everyday-life contexts.

"Yet another section of the website has information about other aspects of speech pathology history. It includes information about our Foremothers—women who have contributed to but are not always credited with founding the profession. It also includes material on John Thelwall, a British elocutionist who practiced in the early 19th century, and biographies and pictures of individuals who have contributed to speech pathology history. Other related sections include a Canadian history by Virginia Martin and therapy stories, including Margaret Hussey's story of her experiences following the stroke and aphasia of her husband Michael Hussey.

"Hyperlinks throughout the web pages tie to definitions of technical terms, biographical details of some of our intellectual forbearers, tables of contents and descriptions of cited books, and detailed information about particular clinical interventions."

 

Rousselot is considered the founder of experimental phonetics, both theoretical and applied.

On his title page Hooke listed the contents of this section as follows:

"Mr. Leeuwenhoeck's two letters concerning some late microscopical discoveries.
"The author's discourse and description of microscopes, improved for discerning the nature and texture of bodies.
"P. Cherubine's accusations answered.
"Mr. Young's letter containing several anatomical observations."

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Order of authorship in the original publication: Cocquyt, Zhou, Plomp, van Eijck. I

Abstract

"The technique of neutron tomography has, after 350 years, enabled a first look inside the iconic single-lens microscopes of Antoni van Leeuwenhoek. Van Leeuwenhoek’s 17th-century discovery of “animalcules” marks the birth of microbiology. His skillfully self-produced microscope lenses remained unsurpassed for over 150 years. Neutron tomography now enabled us to reveal the lens types Van Leeuwenhoek used. We argue that Van Leeuwenhoek’s instruments incorporate some innovations that testify to an awareness of concurrent developments. In particular, our analysis shows that for making his best-performing microscopes, Van Leeuwenhoek deployed a lens-making procedure popularized in 1678 by Robert Hooke. This is notable, as Hooke always wanted to find the secret of Van Leeuwenhoek’s lenses, but never managed to do so. Therefore, Van Leeuwenhoek was far from the isolated scholar he is often claimed to be; rather, his secrecy about his lenses was motivated by an attempt to conceal his indebtedness to Hooke."

In May 2021 the paper was open access at this link: https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/7/20/eabf2402 .

Hermann Gutzmann Sr. founded phoniatrics as a medical specialty. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

A work on the teaching of lip-reading and speaking to deaf-mutes based on the notion that letter-forms of the Hebrew alphabet resembled in profile the positions of the tongue required to produce their corresponding sounds.

Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at this link.

First printed catalogue of the anatomical preparations in the Anatomical Theatre and Institute directed by the professor of anatomy, Andreas Westphal.

Pages 153-59 contain an account of Clark's visit to the Hopital Necker in Paris, with a detailed discussion of the use of the stethoscope introduced by Laennec, one year earlier, in 1819. This was possibly the first account of Laennec's invention and its application in and English book. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

The first work on equine anatomy published in France. Héroard wrote the work in 1579 and the manuscript was preserved in the library of Château de Chantilly, but it was not published until 1599, one year after the publication of Ruini’s Dell’anotomia, et dell’infermità del cavallo. Héroart's work contains with seven exceptional engraved plates by J de Weert.  Digital facsimile from BnF Gallica at this link.

 

“With over 30 diagrams and charts, including myriad musical notations to show the pitch and duration of syllables, the text offers a systematic notation for the description of speech sounds, followed by a detailed treatise on elocution, used for generations to teach oratory, articulation, and speech therapy" (ANB). Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Young's thesis for his medical degree from Göttingen on the conservation of strength in the human body, which also contains, on the final four pages, the only extant fragment of Young's brief thesis on the human voice prepared for his oral examination. It was this last, as Young's biographer tells us, that began Young on his career in physics: "[The fragment] gives an alphabet of forty-seven letters designed to express, by their combination, every sound which the organs of the human voice are capable of forming. . . . Here we see his early and sustained interest in languages combined with his interest in anatomy. From this combination he developed an interest in the production and propagation of sound...." (Wood / Oldham, Thomas Young, pp. 49-50). Digital facsimile from wellcomecollection.org at this link.

The first book printed in heavily embossed type for the blind. In 1819 Sebastien Guillé issued a second edition of this work identifying himself as the author.

In his Investigations on the development of the base of the skull in healthy and diseased conditions, and on the influence of the same upon skull form, facial structure and brain formation Virchow laid the foundation for an anatomical treatment of craniology, identifying "as a problem for investigation the relationship between the shape of the skull, the facial structure and the formation of the brain. His conclusion was that all typical variations in facial structure rest chiefly upon differences in the formation of the base of the skull." (Arthur E. R. Boak, "Rudolf Virchow. Anthropologist and Archeologist," The Scientific Monthly, 13, 1921, 41.)

In this work Virchow also first described "Chordoma", a rare type of bone cancer, and "Platybasia", an abnormal flattening of the base of the skull. The work included 6 colored plates. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

An effort to demonstrate that most suicides are not criminal but are victims of mental disease. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

One of the first attempts to outline criteria through which to determine the legitimacy of an insanity plea. The was resolved later in 1843 with the establishment of the M'Naghten Rules, (McNaghten) which this work undoubtedly influenced,  Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Agricola, a physician, wrote several pioneering works on physical geology, systematic minerology, and mining technology. The twelve books of his masterwork, De re metallica (On Metals), illustrated with over 270 woodcuts, embraced everything connected with Renaissance mining and metallurgical industries, including administration, the duties of companies and workers, prospecting, mechanical engineering, ore processing and the manufacture of glass, sulfur and alum. Book VI provided detailed descriptions of sixteenth-century mining technologies, such as the use of water-power for crushing ore and the improvements in suction pumps and ventilation that became necessary as mine shafts were sunk deeper underground; it also includes an account of the diseases and accidents prevalent among miners, along with the means of preventing them. He described the primitive methods of ventilation and personal protection in use, common mining accidents and disasters, and “difficulty in breathing and destruction of the lungs” caused by the harmful effects of dust inhalation. English translation in semi-facsimile format by mining engineer and later U.S. President Herbert Hoover and geologist and Latinist Lou Henry Hoover, London: The Mining Magazine, 1912. Digital facsimile of the English translation from Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

In the first part of this work Kratzenstein described how the vowels could be produced in the vocal tract. In the  second part he described the construction of a new kind of organ with pipes for each of the vowels. Each pipe had a characteristic resonant cavity which should emulate the vocal tract for the corresponding vowel. In order to excite these resonators he made use of free reeds which at that time were little known. Kratzenstein demonstrated this instrument in Saint Petersburg in 1780; it was damaged and disappeared shortly afterwards. Digital facsimile from digitale-sammlungen.de at this link.

Kempelen built the first successful speech synthesizer that produced not only some speech sounds, but also whole words and short sentences. His final version of the machine, which differs slightly from the version shown in the book, is preserved in the Deutsches Museum Munich, in the department of musical instruments. Digital facsimile from deutschestextarchiv.de at this link. Degen issued an edition of Kempelen's book in French also in 1791. Digital facsimile of the French edition from Google Books at this link.

Parallel English translation and edited German text as Der Mechanismus der menschlichen Sprache. / The Mechanism of Human Speech.: Kommentierte Transliteration & Übertragung ins Englische / Commented Transliteration & Translation into English. Herausgegeben von / Edited by Fabian Brackhane, Richard Sproat & Jürgen Trouvain. 2 vols. Dresden, 2017. Digital facsimile of the modern edition was available at this link: http://www.coli.uni-saarland.de/~trouvain/Kempelen-Web_2017_07_31.pdf

Paget believed that speech originated in the "pantomimic action" of the lips and tongue related to the speaker's senses and emotions. This led to his central thesis that hand signs and gestures were the original form of human communication, and that humans had evolved to communicate vocally as their "hands [were] full".  He reviewed the history of devices for speech synthesis, and described his experiments on the nature of vowel and consonant sounds artificially produced by models. The latter part of the book concerned with voice production, the treatment of speech defects, how to teach deaf mutes, the principles of ventriloquism, and how to improve language and spelling. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

A modern classic of medical illustration, and the popularization of medicine. The artist is best known for illustrating children's books.

This was probably the first natural history treatise published in England that employed binomial nomenclature. Semi-facsimile edition edited by Alfred Newton and published by The Willoughby Society in 1880 as Tunstall's Ornithologia Britannica. Digital facsimile of the 1880 edition from the Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

Kneipp was a Bavarian priest and not a physician. He learned about hydrotherapy and other methods of treatment later called naturopathic during the time he suffered from tuberculosis. 

Digital facsimile of the 1889 10th edition from the Internet Archive at this link. Translated into Englishfrom the 36th German edition as My water-cure, as tested through more than thirty years and described for the healing of diseases and the preservation of health. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons, 1891. Digital facsimile of the 6th edition of the translation from the Internet Archive at this link.

This work, beautifully printed by the Plantin-Moretus Press, includes an engraved title page and illustrations heading each chapter by Peter Paul Rubens. It contains one of the first studies of binocular vision. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Josselyn first visited America in 1638-39 and returned from 1663 to 1671. His second and more extensive book includes an herbal, with numerous botanical as well as medical and surgical descriptions, and is considered the "first complete description of the flora and fauna of the Middle Atlantic and New England States" (Winsor). He described the cranberry, wild turkey, blueberry, and other northeastern species for the first time. The work also deals with the practicalities and provisions necessary for the long sea-voyage, and includes a catalogue of tools and supplies essential to begin life in the colonies. John Josselyn, colonial traveler: A critical edition of Two voyages to New-England, edited by Paul J. Lindholdt. Hanover: University Press of New England, 1988.

Hodgkin and Lister determined that blood cells are bioconcave discs and accurately measured their diameter as "1/5000 of an inch."  Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

The first illustrated flora of Sri Lanka (then called Ceylon). Burman, a Dutch physician, was a friend and correspondent of Linnaeus and professor of botany. "Indeed, Linnaeus, as a guest at the Burman house, had a hand in the perfecting of the 'Thesaurus Zeylanicus' itself" (Hunt 501). The final part is subtitled Catalogi duo plantarum Africanorum and is basically a list of plants collected by Paul Hermann, who had visited South Africa on his way to Ceylon. Stafleu, Linnaeus and the Linnaeans, p.165). Digital facsimile from Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

In a study of 3,000 mastectomies, Salomon compared X-rays of the beasts (mammograms) to the actual removed tissue, paying close attention to microcalcifications. In doing so he was able to establish the difference in X-ray images between cancerous and non-cancerous tumors of the breast, founding the study of mammography. "Salomon's mammographs provided substantial information about the spread of tumors and their borders.^[5] In the midst of the study, Salomon also discovered that there are multiple types of breast cancer" (Wikipedia).

eBook version available at no cost from play.google.com at this link.

Digital facsimile from U.S. National Library of Medicine at this link.

First Latin translation of the Synopsis or Epitome of his compilations that Oribasius made for his son, Euthasius. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Semmelweis’s last publications on antisepsis in obstetrics. Although the information and conclusions that Semelweis drew in his Die Aetiologie, der Begriff und die Prophylaxis des Kindbettfiebers (1861) were of the first importance, its publication failed to bring about a widespread acceptance of Semmelweis’s views and methods; instead, the connection he had made between cadaverous infection and puerperal fever was rejected by a large proportion of the medical establishment. Die Aetiologie was subject to several unfavorable reviews, to which Semmelweis responded with a series of “Open Letters”, published in pamphlet form in 1861 and 1862, in which he bitterly attacked his critics. These he wrote to “Joseph Späth, Friedrich Wilhelm Scanzoni von Lichtenfels, and [Franz???] Siebold in 1861 full of desperation and fury for reluctance to accept his doctrine. He called upon Siebold to arrange a meeting of German obstetricians somewhere in Germany to provide a forum for discussions on puerperal fever where he would stay “until all have been converted to his theory.” (Hauzman, Erik E [2006]. “Semmelweis and his German contemporaries”. 40th International Congress on the History of Medicine, ISHM 2006. The abusive language Semmelweis used in these letters was an indicator of his increasing mental instability. He eventually suffered a mental breakdown in 1865 and died the same year—ironically, due to septicemia from an infected finger.

In his final publication Swammerdam studied the anatomy, development and behavior of the mayfly. Translated into English as Emphemeri vita: Or the natural history and anatomy of the ephemeron, a fly that lives but five hours (London, 1681). Digital text of the English translation from Early English Books Online at this link.

"During the seventeenth century, England was beset by three epidemics of the bubonic plague, each outbreak claiming between a quarter and a third of the population of London and other urban centers. Surveying a wide range of responses to these epidemics—sermons, medical tracts, pious exhortations, satirical pamphlets, and political commentary—Plague Writing in Early Modern England brings to life the many and complex ways Londoners made sense of such unspeakable devastation" (publisher).

Thomson was one of the few physicians who remained in London to treat  patients during the plague of 1665. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

One of the earliest books that illustrated human dissection for a contagious disease. Digital text available from Early English Books Online at this link.

"Carl Wernicke (1848-1905) is traditionally considered the first to have described the features of, and the brain pathology underlying, impaired auditory comprehension and related symptoms. Although Wernicke (1874) clearly and repeatedly indicates his indebtedness to Theodor von Meynert (1833-1892). this is usually understood as an acknowledgment that Meynert taught Wernicke neuroanatomy (Eggert, 1977); Wernicke′s own words in part support this interpretation. A more sophisticated historical analysis notes that, prior to Wernicke, both Johann Schmidt in 1871 and Charlton Bastian in 1869 had described the concept of receptive aphasia, but neither had supported their analyses with autopsy evidence as did Wernicke, thus not dislodging Wernicke′s claim of priority. However, a virtually unknown work by Theodor von Meynert, published in 1866, has recently been rediscovered by us ["Ein Fall von Sprachstörung, anatomisch begründet." Medizinische Jahrbücher. XII Band der Zeitschrift der K. K. Gesellleschaft der Ärzte in Wien, 22.Jahr. Pp. 152-189]. In this paper Meynert analyzes the anatomical basis for localizing the comprehension of language in the superior temporal gyros, he argues that lesions in this area should (by analogy to Broca′s earlier observations on language expression) cause impairments in language comprehension, and he presents a case of receptive aphasia with autopsy evidence of destruction of the superior temporal gyros in the left hemisphere. The patient′s aphasia was classic: impaired auditory comprehension, and fluent speech with paraphasias. It is clear that Meynert should be given historical credit for his work" (Whitaker, "Theodor Meynert's contirubtion to classical 19th century aphasia studies, " Brain and Language, 45 (1993) 560-571.)

"Electrohomoeopathy (or Mattei cancer cure) is a derivative of homeopathy invented in the 19th century by Count Cesare Mattei. The name is derived from a combination of electro (referring to an electric bio-energy content supposedly extracted from plants and of therapeutic value, rather than electricity in its conventional sense) and homeopathy (referring to an alternative medicinal philosophy developed by Samuel Hahnemann in the 18th century). Electrohomeopathy has been defined as the combination of electrical devices and homeopathy" (Wikipedia).

Youatt was one of the most widely published writers on veterinary medicine during the 19th century. This very practical work, originally published via the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, underwent many editions and revisions in England and the U.S. through the early 20th century. It may have been the most widely republished of the many books published by the SDUK, which formally existed from 1826 to 1846. The treatise on draught, or the uses of horses to perform work, included as a final chapter, was written and published anonymously by the civil engineer Isambard Kingdom Brunel. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

"These important lectures, based on original research, begun in 1882 on the blood - plates of Bizzozero (haematoblasts of Hayem), established Osler's reputation as an original investigator. The aggregation of blood platelets which takes place as soon as the blood is withdrawn from the body is known as 'Osler's phenomenon' " (Golden & Roland 22).

The California Institute for Regenerative medicine was the first state-fund institution that provided stable, in-state funding on a very large scale for biomedical research.

"The California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM) was created in 2005 by The California Stem Cell Research and Cures Act (Proposition 71) to distribute $3 billion in state funds for stem cell research. The passage of Proposition 71 by the voters of California occurred at a time when federal funding for research involving human embryonic stem cells was uncertain, given the ethical questions raised by such research. During its initial period of operations, CIRM has successfully and thoughtfully provided more than $1.3 billion in awards to 59 California institutions, consistent with its stated mission.

"As it transitions to a broadened portfolio of grants to stimulate progress toward its translational goals, the Institute should obtain cohesive, longitudinal, and integrated advice; restructure its grant application review process; and enhance industry representation in aspects of its operations. CIRM's unique governance structure, while useful in its initial stages, might diminish its effectiveness moving forward. The California Institute for Regenerative Medicine: Science, Governance, and the Pursuit of Cures recommends specific steps to enhance CIRM's organization and management, as well as its scientific policies and processes, as it transitions to the critical next stages of its research and development program" (publisher).

A free PDF of this book was available from the National Academies Press at this link.

Evans (Nobel Prize, 2007) and Kauffman were the first to identify, isolate and successfully culture embryonic stem cells using mouse blastocysts. This discovery opened the doors to the creation of “murine genetic models” -- mice that have had one or several of their genes deleted or otherwise modified to study their function in disease.

Thomson and collaborators first isolated embryonic stem cells from human blastocysts. Order of authorship in original publication: Thomson, Itskovitz-Eldor, Shapiro et al. Available online from science.sciencemag.org at this link.

Takahashi and Yamanaka (Nobel Prize 2012) reprogrammed mice fibroblast cells, which can produce only other fibroblast cells, to become pluripotent stem cells, which have the capacity to produce many different types of cells. This they achieved by altering the expression of four genes.

Full text available from Cell.com at this link.

Ahumada-Del Castillo syndrome: galactorrhoea-amenorrhoea not associated with pregnancy; oestrogen deficiency and decreased urinary gonadotropin levels.

The first book to track the longtime association of overwork and sleep deprivation from the nineteenth century to the present.

"The most dangerous work in North America at the turn of the century may have been extracting metal-bearing ore from mountains of hard rock. Beginning in the 1890s miners in the West worked through local unions both to prevent occupational hazards and to assure themselves of adequate health care. Among other projects, they planned, built, and governed more than twenty general hospitals throughout the Western United States and Canada. Workers' Health, Workers' Democracy is an engaging and richly documented account of this first attempt to create a democratically controlled health care system in North America. Focusing on the efforts of local unions, Derickson illuminates the broader history of the Western labor movement, the self-help traditions of rank-and-file workers, and the evolution of health care on the industrial frontier" (publisher).

"The coal-company doctors of Appalachia fought the health hazards of the coal fields, arguably the most dangerous and diseased working environment of the modern world. Often the doctors were held accountable for evils that persisted despite their best efforts. Claude A. Frazier - a coal-camp doctor's son and a doctor himself - draws on the memories of health workers, miners, and their families to convey the horrific problems in the coal camps, the resourcefulness of the doctors and nurses, and the struggle to raise health standards in and around the mines.
"Doctor Frazier tells how, from the Civil War to World War II, Appalachian mountain folk were exploited in a feudal system ruled by the coal companies. The miners, always in debt to the company, paid for a doctor's services with a checkoff from wages. The company doctor, like the company store, school, and church, was a consequence of the poor transportation and poverty in the wild mountains and narrow valleys where King Coal reigned.
"Miners and Medicine recalls not only the coal-camp doctors who were incompetent but the many others who performed valiant service in conditions that seem impossible by today's standards - in tiny, polluted communities with no nearby hospital or pharmacy, precious few nurses, and nonexistent sanitary facilities. Often the miners' wives and children, whose stories are told here, went hungry in drafty, pest-ridden company housing, from which they were expelled if they had no family member working in the mine. Boys went to work as teen-agers until child-labor laws finally were enforced in the 1950s. Black lung shortened the lives of virtually all miners" (publisher).

Pauling and Corey discovered the β-sheet, a principal structural feature of proteins. Digital facsimile from PNAS.org at this link.