Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

."...explores the origin and develpment of the Christian church's sex law and the systems of belief upon which that law rested. Focusing on the Church's own legal system of canon law, James A. Brundage offers a comprehensive history of legal doctrines–covering the millennium from A.D. 500 to 1500–concerning a wide variety of sexual behavior, including marital sex, adultery, homosexuality, concubinage, prostitution, masturbation, and incest. His survey makes strikingly clear how the system of sexual control in a world we have half-forgotten has shaped the world in which we live today. The regulation of marriage and divorce as we know it today, together with the outlawing of bigamy and polygamy and the imposition of criminal sanctions on such activities as sodomy, fellatio, cunnilingus, and bestiality, are all based in large measure upon ideas and beliefs about sexual morality that became law in Christian Europe in the Middle Ages" (publisher).

"...explores the ways in which scientific ideas about sex differences in the later Middle Ages participated in the broader cultural assumptions about gender. Professor Cadden discusses how medieval natural philosophical theories and medical notions about reproduction and sexual impulses and experiences intersected with ideas about such matters as the social roles of men and women, the purpose of marriage, and the road to salvation" (publisher).

Digital facsimile from BnF Gallica at this link.

"... a dozen authors address this intersection within three themes: medical matters in law and administration of law, professionalization and regulation of medicine, and medicine and law in hagiography. The articles include subjects such as medical expertise at law on assault, pregnancy, rape, homicide, and mental health; legal regulation of medicine; roles physicians and surgeons played in the process of professionalization; canon law regulations governing physical health and ecclesiastical leaders; and connections between saints’ judgments and the bodies of the penitent. Drawing on primary sources from England, France, Frisia, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, and Spain, the volume offers a truly international perspective" (publisher).

Translated into English as Medieval prostitution (1988)."In fifteenth-century France, public prostitution was condoned by all sectors of society. Clerics and municipal officials not only tolerated prostitution, but were often its principal beneficiaries, owning and frequenting brothels quite openly. The explanation of this remarkable state of affairs is just one aspect of Jacques Rossiaud's vivid reconstruction of a part of medieval society that has previously received little attention.

Drawing upon extensive research in medieval archives, the author shows that most fifteenth-century Frenchwomen could expect a life of constant subjugation to male desire. Rape, for instance, was common and considered only a minor crime. He then considers whether public prostitution might paradoxically have been seen by the secular and religious authorities as a means of social control, and of preserving marital stability: the virtue of wives and daughters was best protected by the existence of public brothels, where sexual urges could be satisfied without adultery or rape. Jacques Rossiaud also describes the social background of the prostitutes, brothel-keepers, pimps, and their clientele, providing a vivid overview..." (publisher).

Digital facsimile from JSTOR at this link.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

"In a work that spans the twentieth century, Nancy Tomes questions the popular--and largely unexamined--idea that in order to get good health care, people must learn to shop for it. Remaking the American Patient explores the consequences of the consumer economy and American medicine having come of age at exactly the same time. Tracing the robust development of advertising, marketing, and public relations within the medical profession and the vast realm we now think of as "health care," Tomes considers what it means to be a "good" patient. As she shows, this history of the coevolution of medicine and consumer culture tells us much about our current predicament over health care in the United States. Understanding where the shopping model came from, why it was so long resisted in medicine, and why it finally triumphed in the late twentieth century helps explain why, despite striking changes that seem to empower patients, so many Americans remain unhappy and confused about their status as patients today" (publisher).

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

By newspaper reporter Nellie Bly, this book was initially published as a series of articles for the New York World newspaper. The book collected Bly's reportage while on an undercover assignment in which she feigned insanity at a women's boarding house, so as to be involuntarily committed to an insane asylum. She then investigated the reports of brutality and neglect at the Women's Lunatic Asylum on Blackwell's Island.  "The book's graphic depiction of conditions at the asylum caused a sensation which brought Bly lasting fame and prompted a grand jury to launch its own investigation with Bly assisting. The jury's report resulted in an $850,000 increase in the budget of the Department of Public Charities and Corrections. The grand jury also made sure that future examinations were more thorough so that only the seriously ill went to the asylum" (Wikipedia). The text and illustrations are available from digital.library.upenn.edu at this link.

Revised edition, 1990.

De propriis placitis is Galen's final work in which he reflected on some of the fundamental medical problems that occupied him throughout his long career. "This treatise is not quite the comprehensive survey of a lifetime's work that the title might lead one to expect; in fact, it is surprisingly disorganized and hardly useful as a clinical guide. It is rather more accurately seen as a work about epistemology and medical methodology, in which Galen considers what aspects of medicine are knowable or not and how one formulates principles in the face of our inconsistent knowledge of the body and, indeed, of the world" (http://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1018&context=classics_papers, accessed 02-2017).

"In addition to digitizing texts, the TLG developed the Canon of Greek Authors and Works, originally a "registry" of all works included or about to be included in the corpus. Over time the Canon developed into an indispensable tool for the study of Greek literature. Luci Berkowitz and Karl Squitier produced the bulk of these bibliographies until the early 1990s, when they retired from the University. The last printed version of the Canon was published by Oxford University Press in 1990. Today the Canon database is is searchable on-line."

Revised editions, 1976 and 1991. "It recounts the life histories of those who had been victims of the 1920s encephalitis lethargica epidemic.^[2] Sacks chronicles his efforts in the late 1960s to help these patients at the Beth Abraham Hospital (now Beth Abraham Health Services) in the Bronx, New York. The treatment used the then-new drug L-DOPA.

"In 1982, Dr. Sacks wrote:

"I have become much more optimistic than I was when I […] wrote Awakenings, for there has been a significant number of patients who, following the vicissitudes of their first years on L-DOPA, came to do – and still do – extremely well. Such patients have undergone an enduring awakening, and enjoy possibilities of life which had been impossible, unthinkable, before the coming of L-DOPA.^[3]

"The book inspired the 1982 play A Kind of Alaska by Harold Pinter, performed as part of a trilogy of Pinter's plays titled Other Places, and a documentary television episode, the pilot of the British television programme Discovery. It was also made into a 1990 Oscar-nominated film, Awakenings starring Robert De Niro and Robin Williams" (Wikipedia)

In a review for The Washington Post, Peter D. Kramer wrote, "In Musicophilia, Sacks turns to the intersection of music and neurology -- music as affliction and music as treatment." Kramer wrote, "Lacking the dynamic that propels Sacks's other work, Musicophilia threatens to disintegrate into a catalogue of disparate phenomena." Kramer went on to say, "What makes Musicophilia cohere is Sacks himself. He is the book's moral argument. Curious, cultured, caring, in his person Sacks justifies the medical profession and, one is tempted to say, the human race." Kramer concluded his review by writing, "Sacks is, in short, the ideal exponent of the view that responsiveness to music is intrinsic to our makeup. He is also the ideal guide to the territory he covers. Musicophilia allows readers to join Sacks where he is most alive, amid melodies and with his patients."^[1]

Describes the case histories of some of Sacks's patients. The title comes from the case study of a man with visual agnosia.^[1]  The book "became the basis of an opera of the same name by Michael Nyman, which premiered in 1986.

"The book comprises twenty-four essays split into four sections, each dealing with a particular aspect of brain function such as deficits and excesses in the first two sections (with particular emphasis on the right hemisphere of the brain) while the third and fourth describe phenomenological manifestations with reference to spontaneous reminiscences, altered perceptions, and extraordinary qualities of mind found in mentally handicapped people."^{[2]" (Wikipedia)}

The central theme of this book is that health policy in the Unitesd States is the product of a deep ambivalence in public attitudes that on the one hand support a private, market-oriented health provision system, while on the other hand favoring a collective, increasingly public, means of financing. In 1985 Anderson issued what was essentially a revised and extended version of this book as Health services in the United States: A growth enterprise since 1875 (Ann Arbor, MI: Health Adminstration Press, 1985). 

Second revised edition, 2012, with extensive discussion of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.

On Plants (De Plantis), sometimes attributed to Aristotle, is generally believed to have been written by Nicolaus of Damascus in the first century BCE. It is divided into two parts:

"The first part discusses the nature of plant life, sex in plants, the parts of plants, the structure of plants, the classification of plants, the composition and products of plants, the methods of propagation and fertilization of plants, and the changes and variations of plants. The second part describes the origins of plant life, the material of plants, the effects of external conditions and climate on plants, water plants, rock plants, effects of locality on plants, parasitism, the production of fruits and leaves, the colors and shapes of plants, and fruits and their flavors" (Wikipedia).

Digital facsimile from digital.csic.es at this link.

ISTC No. ih00538000.

ISTC No. ih00540000

ISTC No. ih00542000.

ISTC No. ih54000.

This medieval guide to health and hygiene is sometimes misattributed to Hugo Benzi. It was one of the earliest medical or health texts to appear in print, and is unusual in that the printer, who was not a physician, indicated that he contributed to the text. ISTC No. ib00313000. Digital facsimile from Bayerische StaatsBibliothek at this link.

Includes [1.] an English translation, made from the 1971 edition in French, of Mesmer's disseration: Disseratio physico-medica de planetarum influxu (Vienna, 1766). [2.] English translation of Lettre de M. Mesmer...à M. Unzer...sur l'usage médicinal de L'Aimant from L'Antimagnetism...by Paulet (1784) [3.] Discours de M. Mesmer sur le magnétisme from Paulet, L'Antimagnétisme...(1784). [4.] Mémoire sur la découverte du magnétisme animal. (Regarding the translation of [4.] the authors state that their translation is significantly different "especially in the sections relating to medicine."

This pioneering medical self-help book was an instant success, selling 80,000 copies in Buchan's lifetime— a huge number for that time, and was translated into all the major European languages. Digital facsimile from Harvard Library at this link.

Jean-Denis Duplanil (1740-1802) translated Buchan's work into French as Médecine domestique (Paris, 1775). This single volume French edition Duplanil gradually expanded with new material. Duplanil's fifth edition in French reached 5 vols. (Paris, 1802). Digital facsimile of the 5th edition from Google Books at this link.

Wesley, an English cleric, theologian, and evangelist, was a leader of a revival movement within the Church of England known as Methodism. Digital facsimile of the 14th American edition, Philadelphia, 1770, from the Internet Archive at this link.

Gunn intended his book to serve as a guide for frontier and rural families who lived far away from any sort of medical care so it contained instructions on how to treat a wide variety of illnesses.  While the first edition was a relatively modest 440 pages, subsequent editions ballooned to over 1000 pages that included advice on everything from the proper behavior of wives to how to cope with a child who indulges in the “solitary vice.”  Gunn’s work became well-known enough to merit a mention in both Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn, as one of the books at the Grangerford residence, and is described as, “[telling] you all about what to do if a body was sick or dead.” 

Digital facsimile of the 1835 fourth edition from Google Books at this link.

"The original 1875 recipe called for unicorn root, life root, blach cohosh, pleurisy root, and fenugreek seed, but alcohol (18-20 percent) gave it a longer shelf life, and shrewd advertising assured its staying power. Lydia Pinkham's Vegetable Compound capitalized on two prevalent 19th-century attitudes: distrust of doctors and genteel notions about women's ailments. The company--a family venture from the start--used the real Lydia's picture to attract customers, and continued to peddle her ultra-respectable image for years after she died. The Pinkham/Gove clan, aided by a prototypically slick advertising agent, adjusted and readjusted the essentially useless formula to changing times, toning down the exaggerated claims and adding ingredients to prevent its classification as an alcoholic beverage. But they failed to modernize its appeal sufficiently in the 1950s, and the company went under. Author Stage, who has taught American history at Williams, solidly charts the company's changing fortunes--responding to historical trends and periodic exposures--and she demonstrates that litigious family members undermined its financial health even more than tougher government regulations and rising consumer consciousness. More significantly, she firmly places Lydia Pinkham's durable formula within a larger context: as a patent compound, within the domestic medicine tradition, it made extravagant promises yet did less harm than current medical treatment--surgery or long bedrest. Quack medicine? One hundred percent. And presented in a fine blend of medical, biographical, and advertising history" (https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/sarah-stage/female-complaints-lydia-pinkham-and-the-busines/, accessed 02-2017).

Dedicated "To Dr. Henry I. Bowditch, whose early, persistent, and enthusiastic labors make him the apostle of sanitation in America." Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at this link.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

"Americans in the early 19th century were, as one foreign traveller bluntly put it, "filthy, bordering on the beastly"--perfectly at home in dirty, bug-infested, malodorous surroundings. Many a home swarmed with flies, barnyard animals, dust, and dirt; clothes were seldom washed; men hardly ever shaved or bathed. Yet gradually all this changed, and today, Americans are known worldwide for their obsession with cleanliness--for their sophisticated plumbing, daily bathing, shiny hair and teeth, and spotless clothes. In Chasing Dirt, Suellen Hoy provides a colorful history of this remarkable transformation from "dreadfully dirty" to "cleaner than clean," ranging from the pre-Civil War era to the 1950s, when American's obsession with cleanliness reached its peak" (publisher).

"The present edition of The Seaman's Medical Friend is a new book rather than a mere revision of an old one; since the whole of that portion which relates to the Preservation of health, and the symptoms and treatment of diseases and injuries, has been entirely rewritten. The part on medicines, their doses, &c., has been printed but with a few alterations from the former edition. In the description of the nature and cure of Diseases and Accidents, I have avoided, as far as possible, the use of technical terms, and I believe, therefore, that the whole will be found intelligible to all its readers.

"It will be obvious that a complete treatise on all diseases is not demanded here, but simply an account of those likely to arise among sailors; with directions for such treatment as the remedies and assistance at hand render possible—and it is hoped that in this respect the present work will be found to justify its name of The Seaman's Medical Friend" (Preface). Digital facsimile of the 1857 second edition from Google Books at this link.

When I created this entry in February 2017 no record of the first edition was available in OCLC.

Digital facsimile of the second edition (1861) from Google Books at this link.

Digital facsimile from the Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

Digital facsimile of the copy presented by Hinds to Charles Darwin, with Darwin's annotations, from the Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link. This work also appeared as a section of Edward Belcher's Narrative of a voyage round the world performed in Her Majesty's Ship Sulphur....2 vols. (London, 1843). Digital facsimile of Belcher's work from the Internet Archive at this link.

Digital facsimile from the Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

The first monograph on the elephant, including 28 plates. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

The first comprehensive work on any part of the flora of China and Hong Kong. It included the first published description of Hong Kong Croton, or Croton hancei. 

The first comprehensive flora of any large continental area. It included descriptions of 8125 species. "Bentham prepared the flora from Kew; with Mueller, the first plant taxonomist residing permanently in Australia, loaning the entire collection of the National Herbarium of Victoria to Bentham over the course of several years. Mueller had been dissuaded from preparing a flora from Australia while in Australia by Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker since historic collections of Australian species were all held in European herbaria which Mueller could not access from Australia.^[2] Mueller did eventually produce his own flora of Australia, the Systematic Census of Australian Plants published in 1882 extended the work of Bentham with the addition of new species and taxonomic revisions.

Flora Australiensis was the standard reference work on the Australian flora for more than a century. As late as 1988, James Willis wrote that "Flora Australiensis still remains the only definitive work on the vascular vegetation of the whole continent."^[3] According to Nancy Burbidge, "it represents a prodigious intellectual effort never equalled."^{[4]" (Wikipedia article on Flora Austaliensis, accessed 02-2017).}

Digital facsimile from the Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

First publication of the Bentham & Hooker taxonomic system for seed plants published before there were internationally accepted rules for botanical nomenclature. Digital facsimile from the Biodiversity Heritage Archive at this link.

The poliovirus genome. Digital facsimile from PNAS through PubMedCentral at this link.

The poliovirus genome. With around 10 co-authors. 

"The primary structure of the poliovirus genome has been determined. The RNA molecule is 7,433 nucleotides long, polyadenylated at the 3′ terminus, and covalently linked to a small protein (VPg) at the 5′ terminus. An open reading frame of 2,207 consecutive triplets spans over 89% of the nucleotide sequence and codes for the viral polyprotein NCVPOO. Twelve viral polypeptides have been mapped by amino acid sequence analysis and were found to be proteolytic cleavage products of the polyprotein, cleavages occurring predominantly at Gln-Gly pairs" (Abstract).

By the famous American social realist artist.

Sclater defined and named six zoological regions: the Palaearctic, Aethiopian, Indian, Australasian, Nearctic and Neotropical. With some name revision (Afrotropic for Aethiopian, and Indomalayan for Indian,) these zoogeographic regions are still in use. Digital facsimile from the Linnean Society at this link.

"Darlington's most important contribution to science was his theory of the Old World tropical origin of dominant vertebrate groups. He first sketched out this formulation—which would influence research in zoogeography for a generation—in The Quarterly Review of Biology of 1948, then presented it in full dress in his 1957 text, Zoogeography: The Geographical Distribution of Animals." (E. O.Wilson)

"Wallace's comments on environment grew more strident later in his career. In The World of Life (1913) he wrote:

"These considerations should lead us to look upon all the works of nature, animate or inanimate, as invested with a certain sanctity, to be used by us but not abused, and never to be recklessly destroyed or defaced. To pollute a spring or a river, to exterminate a bird or beast, should be treated as moral offences and as social crimes; ... Yet during the past century, which has seen those great advances in the knowledge of Nature of which we are so proud, there has been no corresponding development of a love or reverence for her works; so that never before has there been such widespread ravage of the earth's surface by destruction of native vegetation and with it of much animal life, and such wholesale defacement of the earth by mineral workings and by pouring into our streams and rivers the refuse of manufactories and of cities; and this has been done by all the greatest nations claiming the first place for civilisation and religion!^{[129] "(Wikipedia article on Alfred Russel Wallace, accessed 02-2017).}

"His treatment of Mars in this book [Man's Place in the Universe] was brief, and in 1907, Wallace returned to the subject with a book Is Mars Habitable? to criticise the claims made by Percival Lowell that there were Martian canals built by intelligent beings. Wallace did months of research, consulted various experts, and produced his own scientific analysis of the Martian climate and atmospheric conditions.^[130] Among other things, Wallace pointed out that spectroscopic analysis had shown no signs of water vapour in the Martian atmosphere, that Lowell's analysis of Mars's climate was seriously flawed and badly overestimated the surface temperature, and that low atmospheric pressure would make liquid water, let alone a planet-girding irrigation system, impossible.^[131] Richard Milner comments: "It was the brilliant and eccentric evolutionist Alfred Russel Wallace ... who effectively debunked Lowell's illusionary network of Martian canals."^[132]Wallace originally became interested in the topic because his anthropocentric philosophy inclined him to believe that man would likely be unique in the universe^{[133] (Wikpedia article on Alfred Russel Wallace, accessed 02-2017).}

"This 1915 volume recounts Captain Thomas Whiffen’s travels in Brazil and Colombia in the region between the rivers Issa (or Içá) and Apaporis, and the Putumayo District. The study looks at the way in which the indigenous peoples, especially the Boro and Witoto, relate to their land. He describes their way of life, including their homes, agriculture, food, weaponry, warfare, clothing, health and medicine, songs and dances, magic and religion, tribal organization, the social status of women, and their reaction to strangers. The practice of cannibalism is also addressed and Whiffen suggests some possible reasons for it, including vengeance and supreme insult to enemies, the need to consume all available meat, and the desire to adopt some characteristics of the dead. Appendixes include detailed lists of the Native Americans’ physical features, deities, vocabulary, and names, and an example of tribal poetry" (Publisher). Digital facsimile of the New York, 1915 edition from the Internet Archive at this link.

The earliest medieval lapidary, and also the one which was quoted most widely. By the fourteenth century it was translated into French, Provençal, Italian, Irish, and Danish, and it was the first of Marbodius's works to be printed. Marbodus, Bishop of Rennes, wrote his lapidary in 734 Latin hexameters between the years 1061 and 1081. The poem described 60 stones, including their magical and medical properties. 14 printed editions appeared between 1511 and 1741. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

An analysis of all pertinent literature on marine animal distribution. Second edition published as English translation: Zoogeography of the sea (London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1953).

The first comprehensive exposition of the relationship between genetics and natural selection in plants, and the most imporant book on plant evolution published during the 20th century.  Stebbins combined genetics and natural selection to describe plant speciation. His work was one of the main publications that formed the core of the modern evolutionary synthesis and still provides the conceptual framework for research in plant evolutionary biology.

"According to Ernst Mayr, 'Few later works dealing with the evolutionary systematics of plants have not been very deeply affected by Stebbins' work"^[2]....

"The 643-page book cites more than 1,250 references and was the longest of the four books associated with the modern evolutionary synthesis. The other key works of the modern evolutionary synthesis, whose publication also followed their authors' Jesup lectures, are Theodosius Dobzhansky's Genetics and the Origin of Species, Ernst Mayr's Systematics and the Origin of Species and George Gaylord Simpson's Tempo and Mode in Evolution. The great significance of Variation and Evolution in Plants is that it effectively killed any serious belief in alternative mechanisms of evolution for plants, such as Lamarckian evolution or soft inheritance, which were still upheld by some botanists.^[2] Stebbins book Flowering Plants: Evolution Above the Species Level was published in 1974 and was based on the Prather Lectures which he gave at Harvard. It is considered as an update to Variation and Evolution." (Wikipedia article on Variation and Evolution in Plants, accessed 02-2017).

The first comprehensive treatment of plant biomechanics. "Niklas analyzes plant form and provides a far deeper understanding of how form is a response to basic physical laws. He examines the ways in which these laws constrain the organic expression of form, size, and growth in a variety of plant structures, and in plants as whole organisms, and he draws on the fossil record as well as on studies of extant species to present a genuinely evolutionary view of the response of plants to abiotic as well as biotic constraints" (Publisher).

The first book to apply allometry— one definition of which is the study of the growth rate of an organism's parts in relation to the whole — to studies of the evolution, morphology, physiology, and reproduction of plants.

A "technical book on macroevolution and the historical development of evolutionary theory.^[1] The book was twenty years in the making,^[2]published just two months before Gould's death.^[3] Aimed primarily at professionals,^[4] the volume is divided into two parts. The first is a historical study of classical evolutionary thought, drawing extensively upon primary documents; the second is a constructive critique of the modern evolutionary synthesis, and presents a case for an interpretation of biological evolution based largely on hierarchical selection, and the theory of punctuated equilibrium (developed by Niles Eldredge and Gould in 1972).^{[5]" (Wikipedia article on The Structure of Evolutionary Theory, accessed 03-2017).}

Includes Caulfield's "A history of the terrible epidemic, vulgarly called the throat distemper, as it occurred in His Majesty's New England colonies between 1735 and 1740," Yale J Biol Med. 11 (1939) 219–272. available from PubMedCentral at this link.

The first publication on podiatry, a pamphlet of 19, [1] pp. informally issued by Rousselot to promote his practice. Because of the non-standard title page without mention of place, publisher or date, the pamphlet seems to have been intended to have been given away by the author. The date of publication was assigned by the BnF from the Permission de police at this link. Incidentally, the first name of the author remains unknown. (Thanks to Alexandre Piffault for this reference.)

Expanded edition, 1992. 40th anniversary edition, 2007.

"Apart from the common and scientific names of many species, it is for the quality of his illustrations that he [Swainson] is best remembered. His friend William Elford Leach, head of zoology at the British Museum, encouraged him to experiment with lithography for his book Zoological Illustrations (1820–23). Swainson became the first illustrator and naturalist to use lithography, which was a relatively cheap means of reproduction and did not require an engraver. He began publishing many illustrated works, mostly serially. Subscribers received and paid for fascicles, small sections of the books, as they came out, so that the cash flow was constant and could be reinvested in the preparation of subsequent parts. As book orders arrived, the monochrome lithographs were hand-coloured, according to colour reference images, known as ‘pattern plates’, which were produced by Swainson himself. It was his early adoption of this new technology and his natural skill of illustration that in large part led to his fame.^{[8]" (Wikipedia article on William John Swainson, accessed 03-2017).}

Digital facsimile from the Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

"Sydenham so precisely describes the symptoms of hysteria that even today little can be added to what he said. He maintained that is was the most common chronic disease, and he recognized that in spite of the fact that hysteria refers to the uterus (Greek, hysteron, uterus), males suffer form this disease also... Sydenham recognized for the first time that hysterical symptoms may simulate almost all forms of organic diseases" (Alexander & Selesnick, History of psychiatry, pp. 94-95).