"Each paragraph of the text of Aristotle is printed in a new and an old translation, and is followed by the commentary of Averroes on the latter (BMC)" (ISTC No. IDia00969000).

Because of the supreme position of Aristotle in the medieval scientific and philosophical curriculum certain Aristotelian texts were among the first scientific texts to be published in print.

A bibliographically oriented historical analysis of the numerous Renaissance translations of Arabic medical, scientific and philosophical works into Latin from the Arabic, which the author argues reached a peak in the 16th century, only later to decline in influence.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

"Between 1836 and 1911, thirteen physio-medical colleges opened, and then closed, their doors. These authentic American schools, founded on a philosophy of so-called Physio-Medicalism, substituted botanical medicines for allopathy's mineral drugs and promoted the belief that the human body has an inherent "vital force" that can be used to heal. In Kindly Medicine, John Haller offers the first complete history of this high-brow branch of botanical medicine. Physio-Medicalist, along with Thomsonians, Homeopathys, Hydropaths, and Eclectics, represented the earliest wave of medical sectarianism in nineteenth-century America. United in their opposition to the harsh regimens of allopathy, or regular medicine, these sects had their beginnings in the era of Jacksonian democracy and individualism when every man yearned to become his own legislator, minister, and even his own physician. The Physio-Medicals demanded equal rights with regular practitioners to jobs in the army, navy and public institutions and equal representation on the new state licensing and regulatory boards. As the nineteenth century drew to a close, they saw their influence waning as they could no longer match allopathy's increasing hold on science and on the public's trust" (publisher).

"Samuel Thomson, born in New Hampshire in 1769 to an illiterate farming family, had no formal education, but he learned the elements of botanical medicine from a "root doctor," who he met in his youth. Thomson sought to release patients from the harsh bleeding or purging regimens of regular physicians by offering inexpensive and gentle medicines from their own fields and gardens. He melded his followers into a militant corps of dedicated believers, using them to successfully lobby state legislatures to pass medical acts favorable to their cause.

 "John S. Haller Jr. points out that Thomson began his studies by ministering to his own family. He started his professional career as an itinerant healer traveling a circuit among the small towns and villages of Maine, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts. Eventually, he transformed his medical practice into a successful business enterprise with agents selling several hundred thousand rights or franchises to his system. His popular New Guide to Health (1822) went through thirteen editions, including one in German, and countless thousands were reprinted without permission.

"Told here for the first time, Haller's history of Thomsonism recounts the division within this American medical sect in the last century. While many Thomsonians displayed a powerful, vested interest in anti-intellectualism, a growing number found respectability through the establishment of medical colleges and a certified profession of botanical doctors." (publisher)

The first modern history of the Eclectic school of American sectarian medicine.

"The Eclectic school (sometimes called the "American School") flourished in the mid-nineteenth century when the art and science of medicine was undergoing a profound crisis of faith. At the heart of the crisis was a disillusionment with the traditional therapeutics of the day and an intense questioning of the principles and philosophy upon which medicine had been built. Many American physicians and their patients felt that medicine had lost the ability to cure. The Eclectics surmounted the crisis by forging a therapeutics based on herbal remedies and an empirical approach to disease, a system independent of the influence of European practices.

"Although rejected by the Regulars (adherents of mainstream medicine), the Eclectics imitated their magisterial manner, establishing two dozen colleges and more than sixty-five journals to proclaim the wisdom of their theory. Central to the story of Eclecticism is that of the Eclectic Medical Institute of Cincinnati, the "mother institute" of reform medical colleges. Organized in 1845, the school was to exist for ninety-four years before closing in 1939.

"Throughout much of their history, the Eclectic medical schools provided an avenue into the medical profession for men and women who lacked the financial and educational opportunities the Regular schools required, siding with Professor Martyn Paine of the Medical Department of New York University, who, in 1846, had accused the newly formed American Medical Association of playing aristocratic politics behind a masquerade of curriculum reform. Eventually, though, they grudgingly followed the lead of the Regulars by changing their curriculum and tightening admission standards" (publisher)

English translation as Self-mastery through conscious autosuggestion, New York: Markan Publishing Co., 1922. Digital facsimile of the English translation from the Internet Archive at this link.

Kennedy coined the term nocebo in this paper.

Dubois, better known as Sylvius, produced a new translation of the complete works of Mesue, which became the standard text, and was reprinted 21 times. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Posthumously published works of Alpini on the natural history and botany of Egypt, and Vesling on the botany of Egypt. The second volume, on botany by Alpini was edited by Johannes Vesling, with the addition of his own botanical observations. In 1628 Vesling traveled to Egypt and Jerusalem, where he was the personal physician of the Venice consul, and also conducted extensive studies of regional flora (particularly medicinal plants). Later in his career, Vesling succeeded Alpini as director of the botanical garden at the University of Padua. Remarkably this work was not published until around 80 years after Vesling's death.

Digital facsimile of vol. 1 from Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link; of the 2nd volume at this link. 

Vesling provided an early discussion of the human lymphatic system. He was one of the first physicians to describe the brain's circle of Willis. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

The authors combined the science of diffusion tensor imaging with the art of tractography: Spectacular color images.

Revised and expanded edition with a Foreward and Concluding Essay by Charles Rosenberg (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2016).

Surgical history of the naval aspects of the First Sino-Japanese War. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Apart from studies of common diseases, public health issues, and epizootics, this work contains a chapter on opium smoking and a chapter on the castration of Chinese eunuchs, of which there were around a thousand working in the Forbidden City. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

"... features 800 of Cushing's surgical drawings and photographs of patients and tumor specimens. Preserved untouched for sixty years in the Yale University Library, the images provide the earliest catalog of neurological and neuropathological disease and reveal the techniques employed by the founder of modern neurosurgery. The editors have carefully integrated these high-quality photographs and illustrations into a compelling narrative constructed from patients' hospital records and Cushing's meticulous notes at preoperative and postoperative stages of management. Discharge notes, letters from the family of patients, photographs of patients years after surgery, and death reports further humanize each clinical case and speak to Cushing's lasting dedication to his patients" (publisher).

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Mausilī invented a hollow metallic syringe, which he applied through the sclerotic, and successfully extracted cataracts through suction.

"In 1895, a young seamstress of his [Warthin's] acquaintance told him about her family's long history of cancer deaths.^[6] Intrigued, he researched her family's history, searching death records and administering questionnaires, and found multiple cases of cancer. He followed the family, which he called "family G", for decades, and in 1913 he published their history in the Archives of Internal Medicine.^[7][8] His article was one of the first to make the case that cancer was heritable in humans, and the medical pedigree of family G (which was later determined to suffer from hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer or Lynch Syndrome) is one of the longest and most detailed cancer genealogies in the world" (Wikipedia article on Alfred Scott Warthin, accessed 06-2017).

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

Digital facsimiles from the Internet Archive at this link.

"Reprinted with additions and corrections from Annals of medical history (n. s., vol. II, nos. 4, 5, 6, 1930, and vol. III, nos. 1, 2, 1931)."

An early account of Jamu (old spelling Djamu), the traditional medicine of Indonesia, especially Java. "It is a predominantly herbal medicine made from natural materials, such as parts of plants such as roots, bark, flowers, seeds, leaves and fruits.^[1] Materials acquired from animals, such as honey, royal jelly, milk and ayam kampung eggs are also often used" (Wikipedia article on Jamu, accessed 06-2017). Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.  Also published in German as Practische Beobachtungen iffier einige Javanische Arzneimittel (Leipzig, 1829).

Second edition, significantly revised and expanded, 2016.

An outstanding bibliographical survey available online from the James Lind Library at this link.

Instead of assessing the efficacy of therapies by their correlation with theories, Clifton argued that physicians should base their judgments about the effects of treatments on a sufficient number of their own observations, or observations by other physicians that they trusted. This data he organized in tables. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

Clifton argued that physicians should base their judgments about the effects of treatments on a sufficient number of their own observations, or trusted observations by other physicians, rather than on the correlation of treatments with established theory. He recommended that the clinical data should be organized in tables.  Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

The paperback edition published in 2007 included a new epilogue by the author in response to critics of the controversial hardback edition.

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link. Revised and expanded edition, 1781; digital facsimile of the 1781 edition from Google Books at this link.

Millar promoted mathematical methods for computing the comparative success of different methods of cure. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

 "This book demonstrates that the basic methodology of the field, including chemical analysis, in vitro testing, animal experimentation and human research, was already developed in the course of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Putting remedies on trial was stimulated by the challenge to Galenism through new chemical, mechanical and vitalist concepts of disease, by the import of exotic drugs and the flourishing trade with secret medicines. The book describes the main issues of eighteenth-century pharmacology and therapeutics and provides detailed case studies of three key areas: lithontriptics (remedies against urinary stones), opium, and Peruvian bark (quinine). It shows how pharmacological knowledge and therapeutic change were promoted in medical centres of the time, such as Edinburgh, London, Paris, Halle and Göttinge" (publisher). 

Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

The first description of “Vieussen’s valve,” “Vieussens’s ring,” and the “Thebesian veins” of the heart. "These ‘ducti carnosi’ were ultimately named ‘Thebesian veins’ after subsequent work completed by Adam Christian Thebesius just two years after Vieussens’s publication. Vieussens's 1706 work also included a description of the valve of the coronary vein known now as Vieussens’s valve—of clinical significance during placement of biventricular pacing leads—as well as a description of a conus branch of the right coronary artery circling around the aorta to the left arterial system providing a source of collateral flow known as Vieussens’s ring” (Jeremy Parker). 

The first illustrated book on obesity research or medical efforts to control overweight. Wadd, one of the surgeons extraordinary to George IV, drew and engraved the illustrations himself. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

While Agassiz often wrote in general terms regarding his virulent opposition to Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, he provided his scientific rationale for that opposition only in an appendix to the French translation of his Essay on classification: Part 3, Chapter 7: Le Darwinisme. - Classification de Haeckel. Digital facsimile from the Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link. See Morris, P.J., "Louis Agassiz's additions to the French translation of his Essay on Classification," Journal of the History of Biology, 30 (1997) 121-134 . Morris's English translation is available from athro.com at this link.

" ... a comprehensive catalog of biographical and bibliographical publications for over 10,000 malacologists, conchologists, paleontologists, and others with an interest in mollusks, from Aristotle to the present. For each person, the birth/death years and nationality are given (when known), followed by bibliographic citations to the literature about that person and his/her collections and publications. Appendices provide citations to (1) publications on oceanographic expeditions that resulted in the collection and description of mollusks; (2) histories of malacological institutions and organizations; and (3) histories and dates of publication of malacological journals and journals that are frequently cited in malacological publications, such as those of the Zoological Society of London."

 1,443 pp. + 110 pp. [Annex 1 – Book Collations] + 65 pp. [Annex 2 – Küster
Collation], 51 pp. [Annex 3 – Journal Collations]. Available at https://www.malacological.org/2004_malacology.html

"The ʔívil̃uqaletem (or Ivilyuqaletem) are Native Americans of the inland areas of southern California.^[2] Their original territory included an area of about 2,400 square miles (6,200 km²). The traditional Cahuilla territory was near the geographic center of Southern California. It was bounded to the north by the San Bernardino Mountains,^[2] to the south by Borrego Springs and the Chocolate Mountains, to the east by the Colorado Desert, and to the west by the San Jacinto Plain and the eastern slopes of the Palomar Mountains^[3]"  (Wikipedia article on the Cahuilla, accessed 07-2017).

Focuses on Egyptian and Levantine institutions of the twelfth to fourteenth centuries.

At the annual meeting of the Deutschen Verein für Psychiatrie in Berlin on the 24th and 25th of April, 1908 Bleuler introduced the term schizophrenia, by which he denoted a group of psychotic reactions rather than one formal disease.

The first significant paper on child psychology, written from Darwin's personal notes of his observations of the development of his first born son, William Erasmus. The text is available from Darwin Online at this link.

First report on the introduction of neutron therapy for cancer. See Hans Svensson & Torsten Landberg, "Neutron therapy--the historical background," Acta Oncologica, 33:3 (1984) 227-231. In 1938 Stone began clinical trials treating cancer with neutrons produced by E. O. Lawrence's cyclotron at the University of California, Berkeley. These trials were terminated because the cyclotron was needed for the war effort during World War II.

Plates by Titian Ramsay Peale, H. Bridport, C. A. Lesueur, W. W. Wood, and C. Tiebout; engraved by Tiebout, G. Lang, and Longacre. Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

The printer or publisher of part 7 is not identified. Digital facsimile from the Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

"MYCIN was an early backward chaining expert system that used artificial intelligence to identify bacteria causing severe infections, such as bacteremia and meningitis, and to recommend antibiotics, with the dosage adjusted for patient's body weight — the name derived from the antibiotics themselves, as many antibiotics have the suffix "-mycin". The Mycin system was also used for the diagnosis of blood clotting diseases. MYCIN was developed over five or six years in the early 1970s at Stanford University. It was written in Lisp as the doctoral dissertation of Edward Shortliffe under the direction of Bruce G. Buchanan, Stanley N. Cohen and others. It arose in the laboratory that had created the earlier Dendral expert system.

"MYCIN was never actually used in practice but research indicated that it proposed an acceptable therapy in about 69% of cases, which was better than the performance of infectious disease experts who were judged using the same criteria" (Wikipedia article on MYCIN, accessed 08-2017). See also, Shortliffe, Computer-based medical consultations: MYCIN. New York: Elsevier, 1976, and Buchanan & Shortliffe, Rule based expert systems: The Mycin experiments of the Stanford Heuristic Programming Project. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1984. Digital facsimile of this 1984 work from aitopics.org at this link.

MEDIPHOR System (Monitoring and Evaluation of Drug Interactions by a Pharmacy-Oriented Reporting System) developed by Cohen, Shortliffe and colleagues at Stanford University Medical School, published as a chapter in the book, Drug interactions (1974). With 12 co-authors.

A comprehensive annotated bibliography in Japanese of Chinese medical literature, including materia medica. The bibliography includes works for which the author had references, but could not locate copies. According to Lu & Needham, Taki's work was finished c. 1825, first printed in 1831, reprinted in Tokyo in 1933-35, and reprinted in Shanghai, 1936. There was also a reprint in Beijing in 1956. Limited (search only) access  to the 1933-35 reprint from the Hathi Trust at this link.

https://resource.library.utoronto.ca/anatomia/application/index.cfm

"This collection features approximately 4500 full page plates and other significant illustrations of human anatomy selected from the Jason A. Hannah and Academy of Medicine collections in the history of medicine at the Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library, University of Toronto. Each illustration has been fully indexed using medical subject headings (MeSH), and techniques of illustration, artists, and engravers have been identified whenever possible. There are ninety-five individual titles represented, ranging in date from 1522 to 1867"

This beautiful and bibliographically complicated work was issued in 17 parts from 1865 to 1875. It includes 82 tinted lithographic plates, and is the first visually spectacular large extensively illustrated publication on paleoanthropology and paleolithic mobiliary art. Plate B-XXVIII illustrates the ivory carving of a mammoth discovered in 1864 by Lartet, Falconer, and de Verneuil in the cave of La Madeleine, which provided undeniable evidence that humans and mammoths had co-existed. Lartet first described this carving in a paper entitled “Une lame d’ivoire fossile trouvée dans un gisement ossifere du Périgord, et portant des incisions qui paraissent constituer la reproduction d’un éléphant à longue crinere,” published in the Comptes rendus des séances de l’Académie des sciences 61 (1865): 309–11; an English translation of this brief paper appears in the Reliquiae Aquitanicae. The work also includes the English translation of the first paper on Cro-Magnon man by Edouard Lartet's son, Louis Lartet: Mémoire sur une sépulture des anciens troglodytes du Périgord, Annales des sciences naturelles, 5e sér., zoologie et paléontologie, 10, 133-145, 1868.

In his letter of 2 March 1717 (letter XXXII) addressed to Abraham van Bleyswyk and first published in this edition, Leewenhoek provided the first morphologic description of nerve fibers accompanied by illustrations. “One of the most interesting features relating to the letter of 2 March 1717 is the accompanying illustration (fig.2, fig 2) for it is probably the first attempt to represent the cross section of a peripheral nerve. Individual nerve fibers can be seen, and the central stroke contained in each is meant to indicate the collapsed central tube, which he assumed was present; or, as we should put it today, the axis cylinder surrounded by the myelin sheath. It seems likely therefore that Leeuwenhoek observed the myelinated nerve fiber although his interpretation was incorrect; and having discovered no cavities in the nerve itself, he found in the individual fibers the hollowness that the then current theory of nerve function demanded. The thin section of the nerves which he cut was probably the first ever” (Clarke and  O’Malley, The human brain and spinal cord. 2nd. Ed. [1996] 30-35, citing the Latin edition). The following year this edition was translated into Latin in 1719 and issued by the same publisher as Epistolae physiologicae super compluribus naturae arcanis; ubi variorum animalium atque plantarum fabrica, conformatio, proprietates atque operationes, novis & hactenus inobservatis experimentis illustrantur & oculis exhibentur; item peculiaries & hactenus incognitae rerum quarumdam qualitates explicatur: ut sequens pagina docet: hactenus numquam editae (Delft: Adriaan Beman, 1719.) Digital facsimile of the 1718 Dutch edition from the Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link. Digital facsimile of the 1719 Latin edition from the Hathi Trust at this link.

Banks' Florilegium has been called the largest fine art printing project of the 20th century. It is the first complete publication in color of the 734 folio size copperplate engravings of newly discovered plants collected by Sir Joseph Banks and Daniel Solander  while they accompanied Captain James Cook on his voyage around the world between 1768 and 1771. Banks and Solander collected plants in Madeira, Brazil, Tierra del Fuego, the Society Islands, New Zealand, Australia and Java. 

Banks' and Solander's specimens were studied aboard the HMS Endeavour by the artist Sydney Parkinson. Parkinson drew each specimen and made notes on their color, and for some species completed watercolor illustrations. When the Endeavour returned to London Banks hired artists Frederick Polydore Nodder, John Frederick Miller, James Miller, John Cleverly and Thomas Burgis to create watercolors of all of Parkinson's drawings. Between 1771 and 1784 Banks hired 18 engravers to create the copperplate engravings from the 743 completed watercolors with the purpose of eventually publishing an edition. Because Banks was engaged in many other projects, the Florilegium was not printed in Banks' lifetime, and he bequeathed the plates to the British Museum, where they were preserved. Between 1900 and 1905 James Britten and the British Museum issued prints of 315 of the plant engravings in black ink, under the title Illustrations of Australian Plants. Others were included in black and white in the 1973 book Captain Cook's Florilegium (Wikipedia). However, the complete series of plates in Banks' Florilegium was never issued in color until the above edition.

Limited to only 100 numbered sets, the sets were issued in 101 cloth-backed portfolios housed in 35 large folio custom-made solander boxes (including Supplement). The complete Banks’ Florilegium contains 738 engraved plates printed in color by hand using a 17^th century printing technique called à la poupée, in which each color was applied directly to the copperplate by hand, and some plates were retouched with watercolor afterwards. The technique derives from a method developed by Johannes Tayler in the 17th century and revived by Pierre-Joseph Redouté in the early 19th century. The involved process of inking with a rolled up "dolly" of cotton tarlatan, printing, and cleaning the plates can take upwards of three hours for each impression.

Translated into English by Dennis G. Pappas, as "Barany's History of vestibular physiology: Translation and commentary," Ann. Otol. Rhin. Larygngol.,1984, 93, no. 2, pt. 3. Supplement 110.

Digital facsimile from the Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

Considered the "father of American ornithology," Wilson was the greatest American ornithologist before Audubon. Wilson died with the 7th volume in press, and the 8th and 9th volumes were completed by Wilson's friend George Ord, who included a memoir of Wilson in the final volume. Because of the limitation of Wilson's travels and his early death, the work was incomplete, but it was by far the most extensive work about American birds to date, and the color plates set a new standard for works produced in America, even though Wilson's artistry was sometimes crude, and his depictions of birds were stiff and out of scale. The set has been called "the first truly outstanding American color plate book of any type" (Bennett). Digital facsimile of the complete set from the Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

Bonaparte, nephew of Napoleon, set out to document birds in the United States that were not mentioned by Alexander Wilson.